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BIO244 Animal Diversity > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

The cuticle of arthropods is composed of a thicker inner _____layer, and a thinner outer layer, the ____. The macromolecule that characterizes the cuticle is _____.

A

Procuticle, Epicuticle, Chitin

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2
Q

The nonliving exoskeleton inhibits growth. To cope with this situation, arthropods use a process to shed the old exoskeleton called _____.

A

Ecdysis

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3
Q

The ________ have been extinct for 250 million years but they show the basic pattern that started the arthropods.

A

Trilobites

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4
Q

The characteristics of four pairs of walking legs, a pair of pedipalps, and no mandible or antennae are found in …..

A

Chelicerata

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5
Q

What fits these characteristics: unsegmented carapace, spinelike telson, book gills, and marine habitat

A

Xiphosurida

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6
Q

The following group that has four pairs of thin walking legs, eats by sucking juices from hydroids, and is particularly common in polar oceans is……

A

Pychongonida

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7
Q

……… is called the giant water scorpion and is known from 200-million year-old fossils?

A

Eurypterida

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8
Q

Members of the class Arachnida are differentiated from other arthropods by having a ….. and ………

A

Cephalothorax, and abdomen

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9
Q

What order contains members who have a cephalothorax and abdomen with no external segmentation, and these tagmata are joined by a narrow pedicel?

A

Araneae

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10
Q

Which of the following traits are unique to spiders? A) Malpighian tubules B) book lungs C) simple eyes D) silk glands

A

D) Silk glands

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11
Q

The crustaceans are the only arthropods with A) head, thorax, and abdomen. B) two pairs of antennae. C) mandibles. D) biramous appendages.

A

B) Two pairs of antennae

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12
Q

A compound eye is made of many small units that have individual lens and nerves. These structures are called……

A

Ommatidia

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13
Q

The primitive larva of the crustaceans is the A) mysis. B) trochophore. C) protozoea. D) nauplius.

A

D) Nauplius

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14
Q

Which class can be recognized by having flattened, leaflike appendages used for respiration?

A

Branchiopoda

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15
Q

The subphylum Hexapoda is characterized by having three pairs of legs and includes the ________ and the _____.

A

Insects, and Entognaths

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16
Q

Insects undergo metamorphosis in order to grow and exploit different habitats. The individual stages in this process are called….

A

Nymphs = juvenile stages. Instars (More broad answer)

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17
Q

Most insects go through a complete change of body form from larva to pupa to adult; this is called ________ metamorphosis.

A

Holometabolous

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18
Q

The openings to the respiratory system of insects are the A) tracheoles. B) spiracles. C) labia. D) taenidia.

A

B) Spiracles

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19
Q

Which of the following are not respiratory mechanisms seen in insects, in either juvenile forms or adults? A) book lungs B) tracheal gills C) trachea D) diffusion

A

A) Book lungs

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20
Q

If an insect has an egg, nymphal stages, and finally an adult stages, it exhibits ________ metamorphosis.

A

Hemimetabolous

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21
Q

The arthropods have a metameric body with segments organized into functional groups called _____.

A

Tagmata

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22
Q

What is the basic Phylogeny of Arthropods

A

True tissue - Bilaterally symmetrical - Protostome development - Ecdysoza - Segmented

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23
Q

What are the general characteristics of Arthropods

A

Metamerism - Tagmatization - Exoskeleton - Jointed appendages - Discontinuous growth (1.4 factor) - Haemocoel open circulatory system - Solid nerve cord - Dioecious - Cephalization

24
Q

What where some of the characteristics of Trilobita

A

One pair antennae - Biramous limbs - Oval flanternied shape (Series of segments)

25
Q

What are some of the Characteristics of Chelicerata

A

Direct development - 2 body sections - no Antennae - Pre-oral Chelicerae - Post-oral pedipalps/4 paired limbs - Simple eyes - Book lung - Secondary uniramous appendages (Some Biramous)

26
Q

What are book lungs in Chelicerata

A

Pair of organs composed of many fine lamellae concerting to bronchiae and tracheae

27
Q

Define Tagmatization

A

Multi-segments making up one or more parts

28
Q

What are the general characteristics of Crustataceans

A

2 pair antennae - 3 body segments - Biramous appendages - Gills - 3 or more mouth parts including Mandibles - Metamorphosis common - Nauplius larvae

29
Q

What are the general characteristics of Hexapods

A

Uniramous limbs - Spiracles onto tracheae - Mandibles - 1 pair of Antennae - 3 body parts - Metamorphosis - Wings (With no loss of appendages)

30
Q

What techniques can be used together to aid in Monophyletic

A

Gene sequencing + rRNA ambivalent + Mitocondirall DNA

31
Q

What are Apodemes, and what are there function

A

Infolds in the exoskeleton, they allow for a place for the muscles to attach

32
Q

List the 3 layers of an Arthropods exoskeleton from outer to inner

A

Epicuticle (Protein/Wax) - Procuticle (Exocuticle and Endocuticle) - Hypodermis

33
Q

What type of exoskeleton is located near the joints of a Arthropod

A

Chitin and Glycoprotein - No Exocuticle

34
Q

Fill in the blanks of an arthropods exoskeleton

A
35
Q

Fill in the blanks of endomuscles in arthropods

A
36
Q

How do mineral salts effect aquatic arthropods

A

Mineral salts strengthen the procuricle

37
Q

What is the proces of Ecdysis?

A

As the Hypodermis detaches it forms a new Epicuticle that forms the new Procuticle before the old skeleton splits

38
Q

Where do the muscles attach in an arthrpod, and how are they used in locomotion

A

Muscles attach to the inner procuticle.
Muscluar contractions or Blood pressure moves appendages in a wave like movement

39
Q

What size of animal benifits a exoskeleton the most

A

Smaller animals , as exoskeletons can weigh a lot.
Aqutic animals can be larger, due to weight reduction in water

40
Q

Breifly describe the Blood/vascular system of an arthropod

A

Coelom only surrends gonads - Haemocoel - Haemocyanin or Haemoglobin respiratory pigments - Open circulatory system with heart and arteries with heart/muscluar contractions moving blood

41
Q

What are the 3 major regions of an arthropods digestive system

A

Foregut - Midgut - Hindgut

42
Q

What is the function of the foregut

A

Ingestion, storage, and grinding of food

43
Q

What is the function of the Midgut

A

A large surface area with out pockets to aid in enzyme based digestion/absorption

44
Q

What is the function of the Hindgut

A

Absorbing water from faeces

45
Q

What are the 3 parts of an arthropods brain

A

Protocerebrum - Deuterocerebrum - Tritocerebrum

46
Q

What is the function of the Tritocerebrum

A

Controls the mouth parts, Digestive track, and the second antennae (In Crustaceans)

47
Q

What is the function of the Protocerebrum

A

Complex behaviour, where the optic nerves connect

48
Q

What is the function of the Deuterocerebrum

A

Place where the antennae connects
Absent in Chelicerates

49
Q

What are the major sense organs of arthropods

A

Simple/Compound eyes - Light receptors, chemical receptors.
Setae/Bristles/Hairs all transmit vibrations

50
Q

What is the general reproduction of arthropods

A

Dioecious with Copulatory appendages
Internal in Terrestrial
External in Aquitic
Extensive metamorphosis in crustanceans, and some Hexapods

51
Q

What are the general characteristics of Branchiopoda

A

Adaptable - Maxillopoda - Trunk appendages with gills/Bristles(filter feeding) - Nauplives eye for life/Compound eye(Orientation) - Haemoglobin at low O2 - Osmoregulation = tolerance to wide salt concentrations

52
Q

What are the reproductive adaptations of Branchiopoda

A

Lay eggs/Brood chamber - Thin shelled eggs in summer - think in winter- Parthenogenesis (Asexually reporduction under hard condistions)

53
Q

Breifly describe theocostraca

A

Marine - sessile/freeliving can be Dioecious or Hermaphroditic - Parasitic are Hermaphroditic - Intertidal = stalked - Subtidal = Stalkless - Freeliving brood nauplius in mantle -> Disperse -> Metamorphose -> Setlle -> Attach via first antennae

54
Q

Breifly describe a Copepodas parasitic forms

A

Large range of host vertebrate/invertebrate

Ectoparasitic (Attach via 2nd antennae/mouth)

Endoparasitic (Lose of mouthparts - Direct development)

Host location via chemical/mechanical signals

55
Q

Breifly describe Terrestrial Isopods (Slaters)

A
56
Q
A

BIO244 Animal Diversity (14 decks)

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