Arthropods Flashcards
The cuticle of arthropods is composed of a thicker inner _____layer, and a thinner outer layer, the ____. The macromolecule that characterizes the cuticle is _____.
Procuticle, Epicuticle, Chitin
The nonliving exoskeleton inhibits growth. To cope with this situation, arthropods use a process to shed the old exoskeleton called _____.
Ecdysis
The ________ have been extinct for 250 million years but they show the basic pattern that started the arthropods.
Trilobites
The characteristics of four pairs of walking legs, a pair of pedipalps, and no mandible or antennae are found in …..
Chelicerata
What fits these characteristics: unsegmented carapace, spinelike telson, book gills, and marine habitat
Xiphosurida
The following group that has four pairs of thin walking legs, eats by sucking juices from hydroids, and is particularly common in polar oceans is……
Pychongonida
……… is called the giant water scorpion and is known from 200-million year-old fossils?
Eurypterida
Members of the class Arachnida are differentiated from other arthropods by having a ….. and ………
Cephalothorax, and abdomen
What order contains members who have a cephalothorax and abdomen with no external segmentation, and these tagmata are joined by a narrow pedicel?
Araneae
Which of the following traits are unique to spiders? A) Malpighian tubules B) book lungs C) simple eyes D) silk glands
D) Silk glands
The crustaceans are the only arthropods with A) head, thorax, and abdomen. B) two pairs of antennae. C) mandibles. D) biramous appendages.
B) Two pairs of antennae
A compound eye is made of many small units that have individual lens and nerves. These structures are called……
Ommatidia
The primitive larva of the crustaceans is the A) mysis. B) trochophore. C) protozoea. D) nauplius.
D) Nauplius
Which class can be recognized by having flattened, leaflike appendages used for respiration?
Branchiopoda
The subphylum Hexapoda is characterized by having three pairs of legs and includes the ________ and the _____.
Insects, and Entognaths
Insects undergo metamorphosis in order to grow and exploit different habitats. The individual stages in this process are called….
Nymphs = juvenile stages. Instars (More broad answer)
Most insects go through a complete change of body form from larva to pupa to adult; this is called ________ metamorphosis.
Holometabolous
The openings to the respiratory system of insects are the A) tracheoles. B) spiracles. C) labia. D) taenidia.
B) Spiracles
Which of the following are not respiratory mechanisms seen in insects, in either juvenile forms or adults? A) book lungs B) tracheal gills C) trachea D) diffusion
A) Book lungs
If an insect has an egg, nymphal stages, and finally an adult stages, it exhibits ________ metamorphosis.
Hemimetabolous
The arthropods have a metameric body with segments organized into functional groups called _____.
Tagmata
What is the basic Phylogeny of Arthropods
True tissue - Bilaterally symmetrical - Protostome development - Ecdysoza - Segmented
What are the general characteristics of Arthropods
Metamerism - Tagmatization - Exoskeleton - Jointed appendages - Discontinuous growth (1.4 factor) - Haemocoel open circulatory system - Solid nerve cord - Dioecious - Cephalization
What where some of the characteristics of Trilobita
One pair antennae - Biramous limbs - Oval flanternied shape (Series of segments)
What are some of the Characteristics of Chelicerata
Direct development - 2 body sections - no Antennae - Pre-oral Chelicerae - Post-oral pedipalps/4 paired limbs - Simple eyes - Book lung - Secondary uniramous appendages (Some Biramous)
What are book lungs in Chelicerata
Pair of organs composed of many fine lamellae concerting to bronchiae and tracheae
Define Tagmatization
Multi-segments making up one or more parts
What are the general characteristics of Crustataceans
2 pair antennae - 3 body segments - Biramous appendages - Gills - 3 or more mouth parts including Mandibles - Metamorphosis common - Nauplius larvae
What are the general characteristics of Hexapods
Uniramous limbs - Spiracles onto tracheae - Mandibles - 1 pair of Antennae - 3 body parts - Metamorphosis - Wings (With no loss of appendages)
What techniques can be used together to aid in Monophyletic
Gene sequencing + rRNA ambivalent + Mitocondirall DNA
What are Apodemes, and what are there function
Infolds in the exoskeleton, they allow for a place for the muscles to attach
List the 3 layers of an Arthropods exoskeleton from outer to inner
Epicuticle (Protein/Wax) - Procuticle (Exocuticle and Endocuticle) - Hypodermis
What type of exoskeleton is located near the joints of a Arthropod
Chitin and Glycoprotein - No Exocuticle
Fill in the blanks of an arthropods exoskeleton
Fill in the blanks of endomuscles in arthropods
How do mineral salts effect aquatic arthropods
Mineral salts strengthen the procuricle
What is the proces of Ecdysis?
As the Hypodermis detaches it forms a new Epicuticle that forms the new Procuticle before the old skeleton splits
Where do the muscles attach in an arthrpod, and how are they used in locomotion
Muscles attach to the inner procuticle.
Muscluar contractions or Blood pressure moves appendages in a wave like movement
What size of animal benifits a exoskeleton the most
Smaller animals , as exoskeletons can weigh a lot.
Aqutic animals can be larger, due to weight reduction in water
Breifly describe the Blood/vascular system of an arthropod
Coelom only surrends gonads - Haemocoel - Haemocyanin or Haemoglobin respiratory pigments - Open circulatory system with heart and arteries with heart/muscluar contractions moving blood
What are the 3 major regions of an arthropods digestive system
Foregut - Midgut - Hindgut
What is the function of the foregut
Ingestion, storage, and grinding of food
What is the function of the Midgut
A large surface area with out pockets to aid in enzyme based digestion/absorption
What is the function of the Hindgut
Absorbing water from faeces
What are the 3 parts of an arthropods brain
Protocerebrum - Deuterocerebrum - Tritocerebrum
What is the function of the Tritocerebrum
Controls the mouth parts, Digestive track, and the second antennae (In Crustaceans)
What is the function of the Protocerebrum
Complex behaviour, where the optic nerves connect
What is the function of the Deuterocerebrum
Place where the antennae connects
Absent in Chelicerates
What are the major sense organs of arthropods
Simple/Compound eyes - Light receptors, chemical receptors.
Setae/Bristles/Hairs all transmit vibrations
What is the general reproduction of arthropods
Dioecious with Copulatory appendages
Internal in Terrestrial
External in Aquitic
Extensive metamorphosis in crustanceans, and some Hexapods
What are the general characteristics of Branchiopoda
Adaptable - Maxillopoda - Trunk appendages with gills/Bristles(filter feeding) - Nauplives eye for life/Compound eye(Orientation) - Haemoglobin at low O2 - Osmoregulation = tolerance to wide salt concentrations
What are the reproductive adaptations of Branchiopoda
Lay eggs/Brood chamber - Thin shelled eggs in summer - think in winter- Parthenogenesis (Asexually reporduction under hard condistions)
Breifly describe theocostraca
Marine - sessile/freeliving can be Dioecious or Hermaphroditic - Parasitic are Hermaphroditic - Intertidal = stalked - Subtidal = Stalkless - Freeliving brood nauplius in mantle -> Disperse -> Metamorphose -> Setlle -> Attach via first antennae
Breifly describe a Copepodas parasitic forms
Large range of host vertebrate/invertebrate
Ectoparasitic (Attach via 2nd antennae/mouth)
Endoparasitic (Lose of mouthparts - Direct development)
Host location via chemical/mechanical signals
Breifly describe Terrestrial Isopods (Slaters)
