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Clinical Parasitology > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

What class, order, and family are mosquitoes, Cuterebra, and bottle flies?

A
  • Class Insecta
  • Order Diptera
  • Family Culicidae
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2
Q

Which are the most prominent blood sucking dipterans?

A

Mosquitoes

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3
Q

What is the lifecycle of mosquitoes?

A
  • Eggs
  • larvae - 1st molt in 5-6d (3x total)
    • Filter feeders
  • Pupae: stage lasts 2-3d
    • Non-feeding
  • Adults: lifespan 6-7d, mate once
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4
Q

What are the 3 subfamilies of mosquitoes?

A

.

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5
Q

How do you differentiate Anopheline vs. Culicine mosquitoes?

A
  • Anopheline
    • intermediate host/vector - Plasmodium spp.
  • Culicine
    • vector: Yellow/Dengue fever, West Nile Encephalitis
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6
Q

How do you control mosquitoes?

A
  • Larvivorous fish (guppies, mosquito fish)
  • ’Beneficial’ mosquito larvae - Toxorhynchinitine subfamily = predaceous
  • stick mustard seeds - stick to larvae when try to eat
  • draining breeding sites
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7
Q

What is facultative myiasis?

A

Blow flies or Bottle flies (calliphora, Phormia, Lucille)

  • Normally, eggs deposited in garbage, feces, rotten carrion
  • Occasionally, eggs deposited in contaminated wounds
  • Early lesions = dermatitis, numerous maggots, pungent odor, inflammation
  • Hosts: any mammal, vomit-drop feeders
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8
Q

Describe obligatory myiasis

A

Cochliomyia hominivorax, Cuterebra

  • Larvae MUST use animal host to complete life cycle
    • living tissue
    • organs
    • uncontaminated wounds
    • soft tissue
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9
Q

Describe Cochliomyia hominivorax (primary screwworm)

A
  • eradicated by sterile male release (50’s)
  • Reportable (APHIS)
  • affects any mammal - fresh, recent wounds, living tissue
    • breed only once during life time
  • cause toxemia, bacterial infections, death
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10
Q

How do you diagnose and treat C. Hominivorax?

A
  • Dx: Larval ID (dark tracheal trunks that go all the way down), dermatitis, pungent odor
  • Tx: remove larvae, treat secondary bacterial/fungal infections
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11
Q

Describe Cuterebra

A
  • “Wolves, warbles”
  • hosts: cats, dogs, rabbits, rodents
  • Adults: non parasitic
  • Larvae: darken with maturity
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12
Q

What is the life cycle of Cuterebra?

A
  • Eggs deposited near entrance to burrow/nest - warmer months
  • enter host
  • migrate through host
  • subcutaneous cysts produced - maturation 1 month
    • pupate in soil
    • adults emerge in spring
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13
Q

What is this parasite?

A

Cuterebra

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14
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Cuterebra spp.

A
  • cysts and swellings - secondary infections
    • cutaneous
    • eye, trachea, pharynx, upper resp tract, ear
  • heals slowly
  • larval migrations
    • Cerebrospinal cuterebriasis - blindness, anorexia, lethargy, disorientation, circling, seizures
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15
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Cuterebra spp.?

A
  • Dx: larval ID
  • Tx:
    • surgically remove larvae
    • Fipronil, imidacloprid? (On haircoat)
    • ivermectin, milbemycin, selamectin
      • may kill larvae - migration
    • +/- steroids?
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16
Q

What orders are lice?

A
  • Anoplura and Mallophaga
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17
Q

What is the term for a lice infestation?

A

pediculiasis

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18
Q

Describe lice

A
  • Small, wingless
  • dorsoventrally flattened
  • claw/crab-like legs
  • permanent ectoparasites
  • Stenoxenous - very host specific
  • simple metamorphosis
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19
Q

What is the lifecycle of lice?

A

.

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20
Q

Which lice is which?

A
  • Left - Mallophaga (chewing louse)
    • wider head than thorax
  • Right - Anoplura (biting louse)
    • head smaller than thorax
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21
Q

Mallophaga lice feed on what species?

A

Birds and mammals

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22
Q

What are these two parasites?

A
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23
Q

Anoplura lice target which species?

A

ONLY mammals

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24
Q

Which two parasites are these?

A
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25
Q

What are the primary types of Anoplura lice?

A
  • Linognathus setosus (dogs)
  • Pediculus humanus humanus (body)
  • Pediuculus humanus capitis (head)
  • Pthirus pubis (pubic)
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26
Q

What are the main Mallophaga lice that we focused on?

A

Trichodectes canis and Felicola subrostratus

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27
Q

What are the treatments for lice?

A
  • Selamectin
  • Fipronil
  • Imidacloprid
  • Topical permethrin (dogs)
  • Carbaryl shampoos, sprays, dips
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28
Q

Which parasite is a part of the order Siphonaptera?

A

Fleas

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29
Q

What is the term for a flea infestation?

A

Siphonapteriasis

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30
Q

What diseases are carried by fleas?

A
  • Plague
  • tularemia
  • Dipylidium caninum
  • Hymenolepsis nana
  • A. Reconditium
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31
Q

Describe fleas

A
  • Laterally compressed
  • wingless
  • ctenidia
  • complex metamorphosis
  • C/S: irritation, restlessness, anemia, FAD
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32
Q

What are the various types of fleas?

A
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33
Q

What are these?

A
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34
Q

What is this flea?

A
35
Q

WHAT ARE THOSE?

A
  • Left: Ctenocephalides felis (prominent whiskers)
  • Right: Echinophaga gallinacea (flat face)
36
Q

True or false: the majority of the life stages of fleas live off the host

A

True

37
Q

Describe the life cycle of fleas

A
  • Eggs are laid on host, fall off - hatch in 2-16d
  • Larval stage (7-10d), 2 molts, 3 instars
    • Covered in setae, feed on flea dirt (frass), susceptible to heat/desiccation
  • Pupal stage (4d), larvae become coated in particles from environment
  • Adults - mate once, begin feeding < 1 hr after colonizing host
38
Q

Describe Flea Allergy Dermatitis

A
  • Biting fleas introduce salivary proteins (antigens)
  • Onset of FAD - 3-5 yrs old
  • Lesions on LS region, caudal thighs, prox tail, ventral abdomen
    • papules, crusts, alopecia, excoriation, erythema, hyperpigmentation
39
Q

How do you control fleas?

A
  • Host-targeted insecticides
    • ​IGRs, Adulticides
  • Environmental insecticides
  • Mechanical methods
40
Q

What order are ticks in?

A

Acarina

41
Q

What is the term for a tick infestation?

A

Acariasis or Otoacariasis

42
Q

Describe ticks

A
  • All stages feed on blood
  • 2 families:
    • Ixodidae
    • Argasidae
  • Simple metamorphosis: 1-, 2- or 3-host tick life cycles
43
Q

Describe tick paralysis

A
  • Ascending, flaccid paralysis
    • ​d/t neurotoxin in tick saliva
  • Reversed with tick removal
  • caused by the feeding female (over 40 species)
    • 1st sign 5d after attachment
44
Q

Describe the basic body division of ticks

A
  • Capitulum
  • Idiosoma
    • scutum
    • male v. Female
    • festoons
    • 8 legs: adults, nymphs
    • 6 legs: larvae
45
Q

What are the reportable diseases carried by ticks?

A
  • Lyme
  • Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
  • Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
  • RMSF
  • Tularemia
46
Q

What species of tick is this?

A

Amblyomma americanum larva- Lone star tick

47
Q

Describe the life cycle of ticks

A
48
Q

How do you differentiate male and female ticks?

A
  • females - the scutum only partially covers the body
49
Q

What are the methods of disease transmission for ticks? What is the difference between these two?

A
  • Transstadial transmission: disease/pathogen acquired during one life stage stays with the tick and can be passed to another
  • Transovarial transmission: disease/pathogen passed from female to developing offspring
50
Q

Which ticks are a part of the family Ixodidae?

A
  • Rhipicephalus sanguineus
  • Ambylomma americanum
  • Dermacentor variabilis
  • Ixodes scapularis
51
Q

Describe Rhipicephalus sanguineus

A
  • Brown dog tick
  • Three host tick - mainly dogs (all 3 stages)
    • common ears/between toes
  • Throughout US
  • Can cause tick paralysis
  • Dz vector for
    • Hepatozoon canis
    • Babesia canis
    • Erhlichia canis
    • Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF)
52
Q

Describe the life cycle of R. Sanguineus

A
53
Q

Describe Ixodes scapularis

A
  • Black legged tick, Deer tick
  • Three host tick - birds, small mammals, cattle, sheep, horses
  • Southeastern to S. Central US, along East Coast
  • Can cause tick paralysis
  • Dz vector for:
    • Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme)
    • Babesia microti
    • Anaplasma marginale
54
Q

Describe the life cycle of Ixodes scapularis

A
55
Q

How does the seasonal activity of I. Scapularis larvae, nymphs and adults differ?

A
  • Larvae: July-Sept
  • Nymph: May-Sept
  • Adult: Oct-May
56
Q

Describe Ambylomma americanum

A
  • Lone star tick
  • Three host tick
    • rodents, rabbits
    • deer, cattle, horses, sheep
    • Humans
  • Can cause tick paralysis
  • Distribution: southern US - early spring to late summer
  • Dz vector for:
    • Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF)
    • Francisella tularensis (tularemia)
    • Ehrlichia chaffeensis
57
Q

Describe Dermacentor variabilis

A
  • American dog tick, wood tick
  • Three host tick
    • ​Rodents, small mammals
    • Dog (preferred), cow
  • Distributed around most of the US
  • Can causes tick paralysis
  • Dz vector:
    • Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF)
    • Anaplasma marginale
58
Q

Which are these?

A
59
Q

How do the markings on Ixodes ticks differ from the other ticks?

A
60
Q

How do you control ticks?

A
  • manual removal
  • insectidices/acaracides
    • dogs: afoxolaner, amitraz, Fipronil, fluralaner, pyrethroids (permethrin)
    • cats: etofenprox, Fipronil, flumethrin
    • Selamectin (dogs) - D. Variabilis
61
Q

What order are mites a part of?

A

Acarina

62
Q

Describe the general characteristics of mites

A
  • Microscopic or barely visible
  • pedicels (legs/stalks) - ID
  • surface dweller or tunnel through skin layers
  • larva - 6 legs; adult - 8 legs
  • 2 body divisions
63
Q

Describe Otodectes cynotis

A
  • Ear mite
  • Hosts: dogs, cats, foxes, raccoons, ferrets
  • In external ear canal: surface dwelling
  • Short, nonjointed pedicels
    • ​Females: suckers on leg pairs 1,2
    • Males: suckers on all leg pairs
  • Permanent parasite
64
Q

What are the clinical signs of an Otodectes infestation?

A
  • Thick, tarry exudate
  • Host shakes head, scratches ear
  • Infections of middle/inner ear can develop if untreated
  • secondary bacterial/fungal infections: Staph/Malassezia

Dx: Swab of ear canal, otoscope

65
Q

How do you treat Otodectes cynotis?

A
  • Labeled (cats): ivermectin, milbemycin, moxidectin/imidacloprid, selamectin
  • Labeled (dogs) selamectin
  • Not labeled: doramectin, Fipronil, laners (sarolaner for dogs only)
66
Q

Describe the characteristics of Demodex canis

A
  • Follicle mite of dogs
  • Host: Dogs
    • D. Canis, D. Injai sp. cornei
    • Cats: D. Cati, D. Gatoi, D. Sp.
  • in hair follicles and adjacent sebaceous glands
  • alligator/cigar shaped: adults 8 legs, larva 6 legs
  • Permanent parasite
  • Found in skin of most normal dogs
    • ​D. Canis, initially on face of puppies
67
Q

Which species is which?

A
68
Q

Describe localized and generalized demodectic acariasis

A

Localized

  • young dogs (usually <6mo)
  • skin redness
  • parital hair loss
  • usually no itching
  • commonly on face, around eyes, limbs

Generalized

  • overgrowth? Underlying immune defect? Poor nutrition?
  • more severe
  • Large patches of alopecia
  • secondary bacterial infections/pyoderma
69
Q

Describe demodectic acariasis in cats

A

Localized

  • Alopecia
  • crusts
  • scaling around face, neck, eyelids
  • hyperpigmentation

Generalized

  • Generally D. Cati overgrowth assoc. w/ underlying systemic dz
  • D. Gatoi - cats pruritic, excessively lick/groom
    • Not normally assoc. w/ underlying dz
    • groin, ventral chest, limbs
70
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Demodex canis?

A
  • Dx: deep skin scrape, pustule and abscess contents, +/- fecal?
  • Tx:
    • localized: usually resolves spontaneously
    • generalized: amitraz dip
      • not approved tx: ivermectin, milbemycin, moxidectin (topical), laners (fluralaner for cats)
71
Q

Describe Cheyletiella

A
  • “Walking dandruff”
  • hosts: dogs and cats
    • may set up temporary residence on humans
  • found in fur coat, keratin layer of dermis
  • Surface dwelling, non-burrowing
  • ID: bell-pepper shaped, mouthparts resemble hooks/horns
72
Q

What are the clinical signs of “Walking Dandruff”?

A
  • Asymptomatic to severe - dandruff, itchiness, reddened skin, hair loss
73
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Cheyletiella?

A
  • Dx: skin scrapings not necessary, scotch tape? Fecal?
  • Tx: easily killed, most flea shampoos will suffice
    • ivermectin, fipronil, selamectin
74
Q

Describe Pneumonyssoides caninum

A
  • Nasal mite
  • hosts: dogs, other canids
  • Direct contact
    • Also travel via fleas, lice, flies
    • survival off host
  • Habitat: nasal passages and sinuses - non-burrowing, feed on keratin layer of epidermis
  • ID: oval, creamy white, legs anterior half of abdomen
75
Q

What are these little guys?

A

Pneumonyssoides caninum in nasal passages

76
Q

What are the clinical signs of a Pneumonyssoides caninum infestastion?

A
  • Reddening of mucosa, sneezing, head shaking, rubbing nose
  • has been associated with bronchitis
77
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Pneumonyssoides infestations?

A
  • Dx: Microscopic ID - rhinoscopic exam, mucus/watery secretions from nose
  • Tx: Milbemycin, ivermectin + selamectin, moxidectin/imidacloprid
78
Q

Describe Notoedres cati

A
  • Notoedric acariasis mite
  • Hosts: cats, rabbits - zoonotic
  • ​Mainly ears, back of neck
    • Females burrow/tunnel in epidermis
  • ID: round body, long nonjointed pedicels
    • ​females: suckers leg pairs 1&2
    • males: suckers leg pairs 1,2,4
79
Q

Describe the clinical signs caused by a Notoedres infestation

A
  • Persistent pruritus
  • alopecia
  • self mutilation
  • hyperkeratosis
  • epidermal flakes
  • yellow crusts (face, neck)
80
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Notoedres infestations?

A
  • Dx: deep skin scrapings, fecal exam
  • Tx: Selamectin, fipronil, ivermectin
81
Q

Describe Sarcoptes scabiei

A
  • Sarcoptes acariasis mite, Itch mite
  • hosts: dogs, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine (rarely cats)
  • Direct contact - highly transmissible
  • Habitat - dogs: muzzles, eyes, ears, feet
    • Females burrow/tunnel into epidermis
    • males/larvae/nymphs: skin surface, near tunnel openings
82
Q

Describe the clinical signs caused by Sarcoptes scabiei

A
  • Irritation, itching, exudate, forms crusts
  • Thickening of skin, alopecia
  • severe cases result in death (large lesions)
83
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Sarcoptes scabiei?

A
  • Dx: deep skin scrapings, ID - long, non jointed pedicels, gray white, barely visible
    • females - suckers leg pairs 1&2, males - suckers leg pairs 1,2,4
  • Tx: treat all in-contact animals
    • ​selamectin
    • imidacloprid/moxidectin
    • amitraz, benzyl benzoate, lime sulfur, phosmet, rotenone

Clinical Parasitology (7 decks)

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