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Parasitology > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

Two organisms of different species exist in a relationship where each individuals benefit from the activity of the other.

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2
Q

Parasitism

A

Non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the hose.

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits from the other without affecting it.

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4
Q

Definitive Host (DH)

A

Host in which the parasite reach maturity and reproduces sexually.

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5
Q

Intermediate Host (IH)

A

A host that harbours the parasite only for a short period, during which usually some developmental stage is completed.

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6
Q

Paratenic Host (PH)

A

Mechanical host. It is not developing in that host at all. Hitching along for a ride.

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7
Q

Direct Life Cycle

A

A life cycle in which a parasite is transmitted directly from one host to the next without an intermediate host or vector of another species.

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8
Q

Reservoir host

A

Can harbour a pathogen indefinitely with no ill effects

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9
Q

Key elements of life cycles

A

Infection, location, transmission

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10
Q

Most common way of getting into the blood stream

A

biting vector

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11
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mostly relates to where the parasite is (intensity of the infection) i.e. blood stream causing anemia, GI tract causing GI issues

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12
Q

Key elements of transmission

A

How big is the parasite? How is the parasite getting out of the host?

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13
Q

Issue with water soluble treatments

A

do not penetrate tissues well. Need lipid soluble treatment

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14
Q

When is a tapeworm harmful?

A

Hydatid cyst is harmful in the intermediate host

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15
Q

Echinococcosis

A

Parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type

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16
Q

What are parasitic helminths?

A

Worms

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17
Q

What are protists (Protozoa)?

A

Motile unicellular eukaryotic ogranisms. e.g. Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis

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18
Q

What are Nematodes?

A

Roundworms

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19
Q

What are Trematodes?

A

Flukes

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20
Q

What are Cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

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21
Q

What are arthropods?

A

Invertebrate animal with an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body and jointed appendages. Crustaceans, insects and arachnids i.e. tick, tsetse fly

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22
Q

Crustacea

A

Greater than 5 pairs of legs. Often numerous body segments. Many aquatic. Crabs, yabbies, copepods, isopods, and pentastomids. Primarily parasites of marine fish, but some are relevant to vet science.

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23
Q

Pentastomida

A

*Relevant from a veterinary stand point (nasal cavity in dogs- Linguatula serrata) *Internal parasites of reptiles, birds and mammals *“tongue worms” but nothing to do with the tongue *Previously thought to be allied to mites. *DNA sequencing data indicates that they are modified crustaceans *Internal parasites of respiratory system *Elongate, no appendages *Indirect lifecycle *2 hooks on either side of mouth eggs contain embryo when late respiration cutaneous

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24
Q

Linguatula serrata

A

“tongue worm” of dog and fox, female up to 8-13 cm, male to 2 cm, tongue shaped, anterior end wider, cuticle with annular striations, eggs contain larvae when laid, eggs passed in nasal discharge or faeces, larvae live in mesenteric lymph nodes of herbivores and occassionally the lung or liver- sheep, cattle, pigs, dog, cat, and man reported infected, when eaten grow to maturity in 6 months, worm doesn’t appear to cause any ill effects but may cause sneezing and a nasal discharge, treatment: surgery, ivermectins

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25
Q

Porocephalus

A

Aka Tongue worms

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26
Q

How many pairs of legs on insects?

A

3 pairs of legs

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27
Q

How many pairs of legs on arachnids?

A

4 pairs of legs

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28
Q

Cuticle (arthropod)

A

Chitinous (tough) exoskeleton, impervious to many chemicals

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29
Q

What are unique about arthropod’s muscles?

A

Internal, attached to exoskeleton

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30
Q

What is unique about the circulatory system of an arthropod?

A

Open circulatory system (with a heart), blood free in haemocoel (a cavity between organs through which blood circulates)

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31
Q

What does arthos and podos mean?

A

Arthos- joint Podos- foot

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32
Q

Coelomate

A

Cavity termed haemocoel. Blood is free in this cavity in arthropods.

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33
Q

What is significant about the digestive system of some arthropods from a veterinary standpoint?

A

Salivary glands- vehicle to act as a vector for other parasites. Saliva into a wound.

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34
Q

What is the nervous system of an arthropod? And why is it relevant to us?

A

Ganglia or brain surrounding oesophagus, longitudinal nerves with a ganglion in each segment. Important in targeting arthropods for control. Most chemical compounds target the nervous system somehow.

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35
Q

How does an arthropod respirate?

A

Diffusion of O2 through cuticle (exoskeleton), gills, or tracheal system opening through spiracles (external openings leading to a series of tracheae normally) or stigma(ta). That’s why covering them in oil suffocates them, which is a common treatment.

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36
Q

Copepoda

A

Not overly relevant to veterinary science Ectoparasites of fish. Free-living copepods act as IH of tapeworms (spirometra) and nematodes (Gnathostoma). Many are important ectoparasites of fishes. Lernea spp. and Argulus foliaceus are pathogenic copepods of aquarium fish.

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37
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite such as a flea that lives on the outside of a host.

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38
Q

Isopoda

A

Ectoparasites of marine fish and crustaceans Tongue biters are large isopods found in the mouth of marine fishes. The “leather jacket louse”, Ourozeuktes owenii, is a large bizarre isopod which burrows into the body cavity of its fish host

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39
Q

Indirect Life Cycle

A

Parasites that infect more than one host species to complete their life cycles are said to have complex or indirect life cycles.

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40
Q

Life cycles of arthropods

A

Moult: stages called instars (developmental stage of an arthropod between moults) Metamorphoses are common

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41
Q

Obligate parasites (give example too)

A

Must have a host (fleas)

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42
Q

Facultative parasites (give example too)

A

Can survive without host (flies)

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43
Q

Permanent parasites (give example too)

A

On host all the time (lice)

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44
Q

Intermittent parasites (give example too)

A

Visit host periodically (mosquito)

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45
Q

Pathogenicity of arthropods

A

May kill host (sheep scab), or cause production loss (body lice in sheep), or irritation (mosquitoes), may act as vectors for viruses, bacteria or other parasites (i.e. flies acting as mechanical vector landing on faeces and then somewhere else)

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46
Q

What are the three chemical controls of arthropods?

A
  1. Repellents (DEET, citronella)- does not kill, but keeps them away 2. Chemicals acting on the nervous system (DDT (will not encounter anymore because it does not break down in the environment)), chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, etc.) 3. Growth regulators- do not directly kill but effective as a supplement to something that directly kills (i.e. flea control- combo of a chemical that kills and an insect hormone (renders them infertile if they survive the chemical that kills them))
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47
Q

How do organophosphates work? (name two examples)

A

*Inhibit acetylcholine esterase, binding reversible and cause paralysis. *Persistence- Variable but relatively short (24 h- 12 weeks), broken down in environment, non-cumulative *Toxicity to vertebrates- parasympathomimetic stimulation antidote- atropine *Administration- topical or oral *i.e. malathion- wash for flea control; diazinon- jetting sheep for blowfly control

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48
Q

How do carbamates work? (name example too)

A

*Similar mode of action to organophosphates. *Persistent 4-6 weeks *i.e. carbaryl power or spray for fleas (flea collars), propoxur

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49
Q

How do Formamidines work? (name example too)

A

Inhibit mono-amine oxidase i.e. amitraz- used for cattle ticks and demodectic mange e.g. Amitraz used for cattle ticks and demodectic mange

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50
Q

How do Pyrethroids work? (name two examples)

A

*Pyrethrin derived from Chrysanthemum flowers persists for only 24 hours, synthetic pyrethroids- more potent, persist for 7-14 days, act on sodium channels. *Administration- topical *Toxicity to vertebrates- very low except fish i.e. Permethrin- scabies on humans, deltamethrin- lice in sheep (backline) *(anything that ends in -thrin)

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51
Q

How do Macrocyclic lactones work? (name two examples)

A

*Secreted by soil-inhabiting Streptomyces spp. Block neurotransmitter to cause paralysis. Act on glutamate-gated chloride channels *Major groups: Avermectins (i.e. ivermectin) and Milbemycins (i.e. moxidectin) *Extremely potent. *Administration- topical, parenteral, oral Highly effective against nematodes and arthropods

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52
Q

How do neo-nicotinoids work? (name two examples)

A

*Attack nicotine receptors. Mimic nicotine (important neurotransmitter). Non-toxic to vertebrates. *New group, synthetic, block receptors, non-toxic *Administration: topical *Translocated in skin *i.e. flea control–> imidacloprid- blocks nicotinic receptors (Advantage), fibronil (blocks GABA receptors- Frontline)

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53
Q

How do growth regulators work? (name three examples)

A

*Analogues of insect growth hormones, interfere with growth/ moulting/ egg laying, toxicity- low *administration- oral or topical, does not kill arthropods immediately (used in conjunction with something that does is often effective) i.e. methoprene (flea), cyromazine (blow flies), fluazuron (cattle tick)

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54
Q

Linguatula serrata life cycle pathway

A

Predator/ prey pathway. Eggs are shed in the faeces, picked up by an IH, dormant stage in the tissues through several moults, into a more mature larval stage

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55
Q

What arthropod is this?

What are the clinical signs?

How do you diagnose?

What is the treatment?

A

Linguatula serrata

Find eggs in faeces

Ivermectin

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56
Q

Pentastomida Life Cycle

A
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57
Q

Insecta features

A

* 3 pairs of legs

* head, thorax, and abdomen

* antennae

* +/- wings

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58
Q

Diptera

A

flies, midges, mosquitoes

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59
Q

siphonaptera

A

fleas

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60
Q

Phthiraptera

A

lice

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61
Q

Nematocera

A

Diptera (two wings)

midges, mosquitoes

* small flies (up to 3 mm)

* antennae long and slender

* larvae and/or pupae are aquatic

* females parasitic- need a blood meal

* intermittent parasites

* often not host specific

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62
Q

Brachycera

A

Diptera

March or horse flies

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63
Q

Cyclorrhapha

A

Diptera

“true” flies

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64
Q

Ceratopogonidae

A

Nematocera, Diptera

Biting midges, “sand flies” in Australia

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65
Q

Simuliidae

A

Nematocera, Diptera

black flies

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66
Q

Psychodidae

A

Nematocera, Diptera

sandflies

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67
Q

Culicidae

A

Nematocera, diptera

Mosquitoes

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68
Q

Nematocera effects on the host

A

Irritation due to bites

Glood loss

vectors for:

*viruses (bluetongue, ephemeral fever, etc.)

*Bacteria (mechanical transmission anthrax)

*protozoa (malaria, leishmaniasis)

*nematodes (Dirofilaria, onchocerca)

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69
Q

Nematocera- family, main genus, identification, and life cycle, and mouth part names

A

Family: Ceratopogonidae

Main genus: Culicoides

Identification: spotted wings

Life cycle: larvae develop in water, mud, sand or dung

mouth parts: they have palps and chelicerae (like scissors)- they use to bite

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70
Q

Nematocera “maritime species”

A

C. immaculatus, C. marmoratus

* breed in saline waters, mangroves

*crepuscular

* not host specific

*human nuisance

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71
Q

Nematocera “native species”

A

C. marksi breed in fresh water (pools of water), feed on marsupials and stock, abundant in wet season in northern Aus, crepuscular, feeds on legs and belly of cattle, transmit the nematode (Onchocera gibsoni)

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72
Q

Nematocera “introduced species”

A

C. brevitarsis, C. wadai

Breed in cattle dung

crepuscular

bite on dorsal midline

Significance- cause “Queensland itch” in horses, transmit bluetongue

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73
Q

Culicoides brevitarsis

A

Nematocera, “introduced species”

Queensland itch of horses

* lesions around tail, rump, back, poll, ears

* hypersensitivity to bites

* Stable horses

* wide distribution, inefficient vector

* use repellents

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74
Q

What is the classification based on these antennae?

A

Nematocera

Brachycera

Cyclorrhapha

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75
Q
A
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76
Q

Culicoides wadai

A

Limited distribution, effective vector

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77
Q

Blackflies- nematocera: family? genera? Life cycle? Effect on hosts? Major pests in Aus?

A

Family: Simuliidae

Genera: Simulium, Austrosimulium

Life cycle: aquatic, occur along rivers, larvae carnivorous, eggs survive in sand, develop following flood

Effects on hosts: severe irritation

Major pests in AUS: A. pestilens

in Africa: S. damnosum

Transmit Onchocera gutturosa of cattle and O. volvulus of man (in Africa)

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78
Q

sand fly- family? genus? identification? Importance? In Aus?

A

Classification: Insecta, Diptera, Nematocera

Family- psychodidae

Genus- Phlebotomum

Identification: hairy wings

Importance: vectors of protozoan disease leishmaniasis

in Aus, species all reptile feeders

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79
Q

Mosquitoes- family? genera? life cycle? Effect on host?

A

Nematocera

Family: Culicidae

Genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex

Life cycle: larvae aquatic, females feed on blood, male non-parasitic, diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular

Cause: irritation, blood loss

Act as vectors**

Viruses: Yellow fever, equine encephalitis, dengue, myxoma, Ross River, Barmah Forest, Murray Valley Encephalitis

Protozoa: malaria

Nematodes: Dirofilaria immitis

Control: remove breeding sites, repellents

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80
Q

Tabanids, horse flies, and march flies- family? genus? life cycle? effect on host? Vectors for?

A

Brachycera

Family- Tabanidae

Genus- Tabanus

Life cycle: very large, slow flies, short antennae, very painful bite, larval stages aquatic, coasts and forests along creeks

Effects on host: irritation, blood loss

Vectors for trypanosomes, anthrax, some nematodes

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81
Q

Family: Oestridae

(Order: diptera “flies”, sub-order: cyclorrhapha- short antenna + arista)

What are they? What are the features?

A

Bot flies

Features: - large flies (may resemble bees)

  • vestigial mouth parts- cannot feed (sucking fluids or sucking blood)
  • lay eggs or are viviparous
  • LARVAE are PARASITIC
  • Larvae are endoparasites
  • three larval stages in host
  • pupate on ground
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82
Q

Gasterophilus

(Order: diptera “flies”, sub-order: cyclorrhapha- short antenna + arista)

What are they? Name a few Australian ones.

A

Horse bots

Species in Australia:

G. intestinalis- common bot

G. nasalis- throat bot

G. haemorrhoidalis- nose bot (rare)

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83
Q

Gasterophilus- Characteristics of main sub-order? And of Australian species?

A

Flies active in summer, only live for a few days, can lay many eggs

G. intestinalis- eggs yellow, anywhere on front of body, hatch when licked

G. nasalis- eggs pale, laid between mandibles, hatch spontaneously

G. haemorrhoidalis- eggs black, laid around lips, hatch spontaneously

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84
Q
A

Gasterophilus- horse bots

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85
Q
A

Gasterophilus- horse bots

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86
Q
A

Gasterophilus- horse bots

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87
Q

Gasterophilus- horse bots life cycle

A
  • First instar: migrates through mouth and gums
  • Second instar: attaches in stomach

Third instar: in stomach

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88
Q
A

Gasterophilus- horse bots

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89
Q

Gasterophilus- horse bots: life cycle?

A

Remain in horse for 9-12 months. Passed out in faeces. Pupate in soil. (Larvae of G. intestinalis- red, occur in stomach, 2 rows of spines; Larve of G. nasalis- yellow, occur in duodenum, 1 row of spines)

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90
Q

Treatment and control of Gasterophilus- horse bots?

A

Tx: organophosphates (dichlorvos, trichlorphon); macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin)

Control: treat in winter when flies are absent; washing or grooming to remove eggs of little value

91
Q

Oestrus ovis

(Class: insecta; order: Diptera; family: Oestridae)

A

Nasal bot of sheep and goats (second and third instars in nasal cavity of sheep and goats)

  • fly viviparous
  • lays larvae on external nares
  • larva crawls into nasal cavity
  • all larval stages found in nasal cavity
  • third instar sneezed out
  • pupae develop in soil
  • flies active in summer
92
Q
A

Oestrus ovis- nasal bot of sheep and goats

93
Q
A

Oestrus ovis- nasal bot of sheep and goats

94
Q

What is the effect of the nasal bot on sheep and goats? What is the treatment?

A

Agitates sheep when laying eggs, chronic nasal discharge, predisposes to pneumonia

Tx: organophosphates; macrocyclic lactones; trematocides (rafoxanide, closantel)

95
Q
A

Hypoderma- warble flies of cattle

96
Q

Hypoderma

Class: insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Oestridae

A

Warble flies of cattle

i.e. Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum. Common in Europe, Asia, and North America. Not present in Australia.

97
Q

Life cycle of hypoderma

A

Lay eggs on the leg of cattle, burrow into skin- migrate through tissues along spinal column up to the base of the neck, then they migrate down the dorsal line of the animal, stick spiracle out of animal- feed on blood and flesh, moult, push out through the wound drop off into the ground and they pupate. They can be in the animal for 6 months.

98
Q

Dermatobia hominis

A

Another type of bot fly. Tropical warble fly. South America. Uses mosquitoes, ticks as transport hosts, affects any vertebrates including man.

99
Q

Tracheomyia macropi

A

In trachea of red kangaroo

100
Q

Cephenomyia spp.

A

In pharynx of deer

101
Q

Cephalopina titillator

A

Nasal bot of camels

102
Q

Musca domestica

Class: insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Muscidae

A

House fly. Involved in the mechanical transmission of pathogens; IH of nematodes and cestodes

103
Q

Life cycle of musca domestica?

A
104
Q

Musca vestustissima
Class: insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Muscidae

A

Bush fly. Breed in cattle dung. Over winter in northern Australia. Cause similar problems to M. domestica.

105
Q

what is this? What is the effect on hosts?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans- the stable fly.

Both sexes feed on blood. Bite any mammals. Horses and dogs commonly affected.

106
Q

Haematobia exigua- the buffalo fly

A
  • Small grey fly
  • rigid, biting mouthparts
  • introduced from SE Asia
  • closely related to: H. irritans, the “horn fly” of Europe & America; H. minuta, in southern Africa
  • feed on cattle, buffalo, horses, and dogs
107
Q

Haematobia exigua- the buffalo fly life cycle

A
  • flies remain on host
  • die in 1-2 days away from host
  • leave host to lay eggs
  • breed in cow dung
  • emerging flies have 1-2 hours to find a host
  • leave host to lay eggs
  • breed in cow dung
  • emerging flies have 1-2 hours to find host
  • need a blood meal to breed
  • adults live for 10-20 days
  • need temperatures > 20 C
  • life cycle takes 7-11 days
108
Q

Epi of Haematobia exigua?

A

Spread by travelling cattle, can travel up to 7 km on prevailing winds, heavier infestations on bulls, geographical distribution limited by temperature and moisture

109
Q

Haematobia exigua- effects on host? Control?

A
  • bites are painful
  • cattle rub to relieve irritation
  • 2000-3000 flies a heavy infestation
  • loss of condition or delay in fattening
  • milk production drop
  • vector of Trypanosoma evansi & of nematode Stephanofilaria sp.

CONTROL: fly traps, ear tags impregnated with insecticides, insecticides (ivermectin) which persists in dung, dung beetles

110
Q

Hippoboscidae

Class: insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Hippoboscidae

A

Louse flies or hippoboscids

  • exclusively parasitic (blood feeders)
  • feet with strong claws
  • females viviparous
  • larvae pupate immediately
111
Q

Melophagus ovinus- what is it? Features? Effects on host?

A

The sheep ked

No wings, lives in wool, pupal case attached to wool, live 4-5 months

Effects on host: blood feeders, cause anaemia, stain wool (“ticky wool”), transmit Trypanosoma (protozoan)

112
Q
A

Melophagus ovinus- the sheep ked

113
Q

Family Calliphoridae- what are they? How are they important? Major diseases?

A

Blow flies, flesh flies, and screw worm flies.

Important environmentally, breed in decaying organic matter, adults feed on decaying organic, material or nectar, facultative parasites (usually).

Major disease: blow fly strike of sheep (cutaneous myiasis); screw worm fly (exotic)

114
Q
A
115
Q

Green species- primary, secondary, or tertiary? Native or introduced?

A

Primary- initiate blowfly strike (sheep)

Lucilia cuprina- introduced - 90% of strikes

Lucilia sericata- introduced- urban areas

Secondary species (wound is already started):

Chrysomyma rufifacies- native- sometimes primary

Chrysomya varipes- native

116
Q

Black species- primary, secondary, or tertiary? Native or introduced?

A

Tertiary

Ophyra spp. - native

117
Q

Brown species- primary, secondary, or tertiary? Native or introduced?

A

Secondary species

Calliphora stygia- native- sometimes primary

Calliphora augur- native- sometimes primary

118
Q

Blue species- primary, secondary, or tertiary? Native or introduced?

A

Tertiary

Calliphoa vicina- introduced- urban areas

119
Q

Flesh flies-

primary, secondary, or tertiary? Native or introduced?

A

Tertiary

Sarcophaga spp.- native

120
Q

What is this? Features/ importance?

A

Lucilia cuprina

Responsible for >90% of strikes; almost obligate parasite; can breed in carcases but outcompeted.

121
Q
A

Lucilia sericata

122
Q

Lucilia cuprina- life cycle?

A

Eggs laid in batches in fleece; laid in afternoon; hatch at night; first instar needs protein meal; cannot penetrate skin; second instar penetrates skin & feeds on tissues

Third instar matures by 2-19 days; drops to ground at night; burrows into soil; pupates (3-7 days); overwinters as pupa

Entire life cycle 17 days (in summer)

** ONLY MATE ONCE**

Emerging females need protein meal to produce eggs, most strikes are “covert”- not an expansive disease- maybe a small fever that you wouldnt even notice. Only 10% of the time you have serious problems. This is when Secondary flies can invade and extend the wound.

123
Q

Lucilia cuprina- clinical signs?

A

Day 1-2 sheep irritated

day 3 temperature rise

day 4 maggots drop, smell

day 6 temperature falls

healing slow but complete

In bad year, mortalities can be up to 30%

124
Q

Blow fly strike pathogenesis?

A

Normal sheep are not struck by flies (normal = clean, dry fleece)

Need olfactory stimulus to attract flies

Need proteinaceous exudate on skin for first larval instars

Primarily you see breach strike (legs and base of tail). You can see body strike, poll strike (rams), pizzle strike (rams & wethers).

125
Q

Breech strike

A

Most common form of strike, soiling of fleece by urine and faeces, scouring due to nematodes (can reduce prevalence 10 fold)- diarrhea provides initial meal, wrinkles predispose to strike.

126
Q

Body strike

A
  • Preceded by “fleece rot” or dermatitis
  • Prolonged wetting of skin– keratin lifts– protein exudes
  • Pseudomonas spp. proliferate and provide olfactory stimulus also stain wool
  • body conformation (‘sway back’) and wrinkles predispose to strike
  • fleece characters (wax content) important
127
Q

Seasonal prevalence of blow fly strike

A

Fly numbers determined by temperature and rainfall, flies overwinter as pupa, emerge in spring. Usually 3 generations in spring, summer too dry for eggs and first instars, autumn moister and cooler- 2 generations. Pattern of infection generally bimodal. If summer is wet, flies active all summer.

128
Q

What are ways to render sheep less susceptible to blow fly strike?

A

Crutching (shaving or surgically removing flesh around there), correct tail docking, removal of conformational faults, breed for sheep with suitable fleece characteristics, Mules Operation most successful method

129
Q

How do you reduce fly number?

A

-Treat all strikes seen earlyin season (covert strikes)

  • burn or deeply bury carrion
  • fly traps- drums with meat laced with insecticide
  • genetic manipulation- sterile male methods
  • vaccines- currently under investigation
  • chemicals- organophosphates (resistance widespread) & growth regulators (cyromazine; Vetrazin)
130
Q

What is this? What do the larva feed on?

A

Chrysomya rufifacies- common name: the hairy maggot blowlfly.

Larva feed on other maggots.

131
Q
A

Chrysomya rufifacies- common name: the hairy maggot blowlfly.

132
Q

What is this? And common name?

A

Chrysomya bezziana- old world screw worm fly. Common name: blue blowfly. Not present in Aus.

133
Q

What is this? Where is the pupal stage?

A

Chrysomya bezziana. Pupal stage in soil.

134
Q
A

Chrysomya bezziana

135
Q
A

Chrysomya bessiana. Likely will kill them. If it does not kill them substantial scars afterward. Yellow spots are the larvae.

136
Q

Where do biting lice lay their eggs?

A

In the skin.

137
Q

Are lice effective parasites? Why or why not?

A

Not very effective parasites because most are host specific and obligate parasites, so not really moving from host to host.

138
Q

Features of arachnids. Examples of arachnids.

A

4 pairs of legs, 3 pairs of legs in larva, no antennae, no wings, body divided into 2 parts (gnathosoma (relates to chewing)- capitulum), idiosoma (the rest of the body).

* ticks, mites, spiders, scorpions

139
Q

Features of ticks

A

Obligate parasites; need blood meals; most of life cycle is spent off host; variable host specificity. Ambush parasites, climb on top of grass and wait for host to come by.

Chelicerae- scissors- cut wound open

Hypostoma- feeding apparatus- sucks the blood (backward feeding hooks)

Palp- 2 palps- basically feelers (shape becomes important in recognizing what kind of tick)

Basis capituli- main part of head

* eyes are between 1st and 2nd legs- not on main part of head

140
Q

Tick Life Cycle

A

No pupae stage.

Larva (with 6 legs)- also like a tiny adult just with 6 legs

Nymph (with 8 legs)- just like small adults

Male and female (8 legs)

141
Q

Multihost life cycle

A

Number of times a tick goes back to a host to feed. 3 host stage- at multiple times in its lifecycle; or a 2 host- might mean they feed during nymph phase and adult but not larva.

142
Q

Pathogenic effects of ticks

A

Blood loss (tick can take 5mL of blood), irritiation, hypersensitivity, damage hide, reduce growth rate of host, produce toxins (paralysis), transmit protozoans

143
Q

Soft ticks

A

Family Argasidae

* no scutum, mouthparts underneath, rapid feeders (hours)

144
Q

Hard ticks

A

Family Ixodidae

Scutum present, mouth parts anterior, slow feeders

145
Q

Fowl tick

A

Argas persicus

146
Q

“tampan” ticks

A

Ornithodoros moubata

O. gurneyi

147
Q

Spinose ear tick

A

Otobius megnini

148
Q

Argas persicus features

A

Reddish ticks, mouthparts concealed, distinct patterened margin to body

149
Q

Life cycle of argas persicus

A

Eggs laid in cracks

hatch in 3 weeks

larvae feed for 5-10 days

moult in crevices

nymphs feed in 2 hours

nymph and adult nocturnal

larvae survive for 3 months without food

adults survive for 3-5 years without food

150
Q

Control/ treatment

A

Organophosphate spray

Kerosene emulsion

151
Q

Effect of Argas persicus on host

A

Anaemia, irritation, reduce egg production, paralysis caused by larvae, transmit Borrelia anserina (tick fever) and Aegyptianella pullorum

152
Q

“Tampan ticks”

A

Ornithodoros

153
Q

What tampan tick is in Australia?

A

O. gurneyi

154
Q

Characteristics of O. gurneyi

A

live in sand, feed on any host species, cause painful bites, transmit Q fever

155
Q

Characteristics of Otobius megnini (spinose ear tick)

A

in North America, Africa, adults free living, larva and nymph live in ear, horses cattle, dogs. Found recently in WA.

156
Q

Genus Ixodes features

A

Long palps, anal groove in front of anus.

22 species in Australia

“native” ticks

157
Q

What kind of Ixodes cause paralysis?

A

I. holocyclus and I. cornuatus

158
Q

Which Ixodes is a vector of lyme disease (Borrelia spp. bacteria)?

A

I. dammini

159
Q

Ixodes holocylcus Life cycle

A

the paralysis tick

3 host tick, on native mammals, life cycle takes 18 months, larvae and adults in spring, nymphs mainly in autumn, males rarely found on host

160
Q

Ixodes holocyclus effect on host

A

the paralysis tick

* all stages cause irritation & paralysis

* sheep, dogs, and cats most susceptible: 1 female tick will kill a dog

* calves & foals also susceptible: 4 female ticks can kill a calf

* can affect humans (homophilic tick)

* females engorge for up to 21 days

* signs develop on day 5-6

* ascending motor paralysis

* intense vasoconstriction

* die from paralysis of respiratory muscles

* native & domestic animals can development immunity

161
Q

Treatment of Ixodes holocyclus

A

Find and remove tick, acaricidal wash, hyperimmune serum (after you remove tick, you need to administer- this will coat the toxin and neutralize it), paralysis.

Effect depends on prior exposure to the toxin and number of ticks feeding on them. Ascending motor paralysis- starting at hind limbs.

162
Q

Ixodes holocyclus geographical distribution

A

Eastern Australia and Tasmania

163
Q

Cattle tick

A

Boophilus microplus

164
Q

Features of boophilus microplus

A

cattle tick

* short palps and ridges, pale legs, anal groove behind anus, (difficult to see), engorged femal has “waist”

165
Q

Geographic distribution of Boophilus microplus

A

Northern Australia

166
Q

Boophilus microplus life cycle

A

Host specific but occurs occasionally on horses, sheep, dogs & pigs.

* 1 host tick

* life cycle takes 22 days

* eggs hatch

* “seed ticks” climb up grass

* attach to passing cattle

* larvae and nymph remain on host

** feed in adult stage (odd tick in that) usually ticks feed in between lifecycles because they need the energy to grow**

* female ticks drop off after 18-37 days, most on day 22

* drop off mainly in early morning

167
Q

Boophilus microplus effect on host

A

Irritation- ticks removed by grooming, damage to hides, anaemia- each tick takes 1-5 mL of blood, anorexia (reduced appetite), reduced growth rate and milk production, transmit protozoans (Babesia, Anaplasma, Theileria)

168
Q

Boophilus microplus favorable climates

A

* Ticks controlled by temperature and humidity.

* in general summers are too hot, winters are too cold

* autumn is ideal time. Spring is a little too cool

* winter suppresses tick development

* tick numbers increase in wet season (in dry tropics)

* wet tropics- temp never limiting, ticks all year round, rain in all months

169
Q

Boophilus microplus dispersal & survival (control)

A

* larvae accumulate around site of egg mass

* can migrate short distances (<1 m)

* can be blown up to 30 m

* cattle avoid heavily infested areas

* can “spell” paddocks to control ticks (leave the paddock alone, so they starve)

* in summer 50% live 2 weeks, 10% live 4 weeks, can be up to 11 weeks in cool weather

170
Q

How do you treat Boophilus microplus?

A

Macrocytic lactones (topically or orally) started in 1985. Prior to that ticks continually developed resistance to all compounds.

171
Q

What kind of cattle is most resistant?

A

Zebu Cattle.

Immune system attacks the tick and they drop off. Acquired immunity develops in all breeds.

172
Q

What is resistance exactly?

A

You are selecting for the organism that can survive the chemical basically.

173
Q

Vaccine against tick gut protein- 70% effective (Boophilus microplus vaccine)

A

Tick ingests blood and with the blood immune cells. Produce a response against the gut protein. When it ingests the blood, all of the immune cells are programmed. Causes loss of gut lining and haemorrhages- kills the tick.

2 vaccinations.

Do not use by itself.

174
Q

Haemaphysalis characteristics

What is the main species?

A

Tick on horses and dogs and sometimes on cattle.

Anal groove behind anus

Lateral projection on palps- more fleshy.

Haemaphysalis longicornia- the “bush tick”

175
Q

H. longicornis characteristics

A

* 3 host tick (gets on feeds, drops off, in between growing nymph, larvae, and adult)

* occurs in eastern Aus, eastern Vic

* causes anaemia and hide damage

* vector of Babesia gibsoni of dogs

176
Q

Rhipicephalus chacteristics. What is the main species? Characteristics. Where are they mainly found?

A

Basis caputili projects, forked first coxa, anal groove behind anus.

R. sanuineus- “brown dog tick”

* common in tropical countries

*anaemia and irritation

*vector of Babesia canis of dogs

** Northern Australia**

177
Q

Aponomma & Amblyomma

A

Common in wildlife.

Pretty ticks- very colorful.

178
Q

Ixodes holocyclus morphology

A

Long palps

Spiracle mid body

No waist when engorged (haemophisalis- waist when engorged)

179
Q

Otobius megnini

Where? What are they called? Hosts? Control? Family?

A

Found in WA. Sheep, cats. “Spinose ear tick”

Family: Argasidae.

Flea control with high concentration of macrocytic lactone. Or fipronil spray.

180
Q

Mites: Class and Order

A

Arachnida

Order: Acarina

181
Q

Characteristics of mites (general)

A

Abundant, free living

Lack rows of teeth on hypostome

Have capitulum with palps and chelicerae

Can be: intermittent parasites (obligate, have to have a blood feed but spend a lot of time in the environment)- some exceptions

* in nests or burrows or permanent parasites

* can be on skin, in ears, or resp. system

182
Q

Effect on host: mites

A

Blood loss, irritation, hair loss, vectors

183
Q

Life cycle: mites

A

Egg, larva (with 6 legs), nymphs (proto, deuto, trito), adults

184
Q

Mesostigmata (sub-order, order: acarina, class: arachnida)

A

Gamasid mites. Spiracles between coxae 3 & 4 (plate that sits over top of the leg)

Legs at anterior end of body

Many free living

185
Q

Prostigmata (sub-order)

A

trombidiform mites. Spiracles on capitulum (absent in some)

Feather like setae

186
Q

Astigmata (sub order)

A

Front pairs of legs separated from back pairs

Mange mites

No spiracles, respiration through body wall

187
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae

A

Class: Arachnida, Order Acarina, Sub order Mesostigmata

“The red mite of poultry”

* Triangular anal plate

* Parasite of birds and mammals

* life cycle: eggs, larva, 2 nymphs

* eggs laid in crevices

* life cycle 7 days

* nocturnal

* could control with spelling (can’t do with argus)

* blood feeders

188
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae effect on host

A

Anaemia, irritation, transmit Borrelia anserina (blood infection, some form of fever)

189
Q

Ornithonyssus spp. Name two

A

O. bursa and O. sylviarun

Sub order: Mesostigmata

* Cause severe anaemia, reduced egg production

* Common on wild birds

* found in bird nests

* referred to as “Starling lice”

* feed on birds while in nest

* some on birds all the time

* blood feeders

* NOT host specific***

(Narrow anal plate)- hairer than Dermanyssus gallinae

190
Q

Pneumonyssoides caninum

A

Nasal mite of the dog

sub order: mesostigmata

191
Q

Raillietia auris

A

Ear mite of cattle

Mesostigmata

192
Q

Ophionyssus natricis

A

Snake mite

Sub order: Mesostigmata

193
Q

Sternostoma tracheacolum

A

Canary lung mite

Sub order: Mesostigmata

194
Q

Prostigmata (sub order) features and genera

A

Features: stigma on capitulum, feather-like setae

Genera: Trombicula, Demodex, Psorergates, Cheyletiella

195
Q

Trombicula (characteristics, what do they transmit, where on ex)

A

Family: Trombiculidae

Sub order: Prostigmata

* central hair shaft, some spines coming off

Chiggers, harvest mites

“trombiculids”

Only larvae are parasitic

Attach in clusters

Often yellow or orange

Transmit scrub typhus (Rickettsia australis)

T. sarcina causes “black soil itch in QLD”

196
Q

Demodex canis

A

Sub order: Prostigmata

Vermiform (worm like)

Legs very short at the front of the body

Adapted to live inside hair follicles

Feed on cytoplasm

Permanent parasites- always on the host- transmitted through contact or suckling

HOST SPECIFIC

Life cycle: egg, 2 nymphs, adults. All stages in hair follicles.

197
Q

Demodectic mange effect on host

A

* All dogs infected (not zoonotic)- most unaffected, if properly function immune system

* only some develop disease

* short haired dogs with Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) deficiency

Mainly 6-10 months of age

Predilection sites eyes, ears, muzzle

Secondary infection with Staph. albus

* Disease can be localized or generalized. Squamous or pustular (secondary infection)

Infection of follicles leads to hair loss & hyperkeratosis

198
Q

How do you diagnose and treat Demodectic mange?

A

Diagnosis: deep skin scraping

Treatment: amitraz, ivermectin, or **moxidectin- lipid soluble compound, will penetrate into the hair follicles much better- topical** or avermectin, can be difficult to treat

199
Q

D. phylloides

A

Pig. Lesions mainly on head.

Sub order: Prostigmata

200
Q

D. bovis

A

Cattle- damages hide.

201
Q

D. ovis, D. caprae, D. equi

A

Sheep, goats, horse. Rare.

202
Q

D. folliculorum

A

Sub order: Prostigmata

Mites of man

*Prevalance 50%

* Common in blackheads

* base of eyelashes

203
Q

Psorergates ovis

A

Sub order: Prostigmata

The sheep itch mite (very similiar to damiliar ovis- spreads very quickly, whereas Psorergates does not)

* Features: affects sheep in Australia, Africa, N. & S. America

*Tiny mite

* Lives in superficial layers of dermis

* life cycle: egg, larva, 3 nymphs, adults

* 5 week life cycle

* Transmission: contact (suckling, shearing)

* Predilection sites: sides, between hip and shoulder near mid-line

* Seasonal occurrence: most abundant in winter

* effect on host: hypersensitivity causes irritation, rubbing, “pulled wool,” not all sheep affected, spreads slowly in mob

Diagnosis: skin scraping

Treatment: non, amitraz, OPs, ivermectin, will not eliminate mite. Since they spread slowly. louse control, standard back treatment will likely control it. Likely only treat affected animals.

204
Q

Genus Cheyletiella. 3 Species. Effect on host.

Features

A

Sub order: prostigmata

C. parasitivorax - rabbits

C. yasguri- dogs

C. blakei- cats

Effect on host: mild mange, often around head, bites humans

Features: claw on palp.

205
Q

Astigmata (sub order)

A

Mange mites

Features: front pairs of legs well separated from back pairs

Families: Sarcoptidae and Psoroptidae

206
Q

Sarcoptidae (family) Sub- order: Astigmata. Features? Generas (4)?

A

Rear legs very short, burrow in upper layers of skin

Genera: Sarcoptes, Notoedres, Trixacarus, Cnemidocoptes

207
Q

Psoroptidae (family) Sub order Astigmata. Features? Genera (3)?

A

Rear legs project

Tissue fluid feeders

Genera: Psoroptes, Otodectes, Chorioptes

208
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei- features? life cycle?

A

Sub order Astigmata, family: sarcoptidae

Features: triangular scales on dorsum (on back, even visible on histo slides), wide host range, strains on specific hosts (e.g. var. canis), can survive but not reproduce on hosts

Life cycle:

* lives in supf. layers of skin

lay eggs in tunnel (beneath the skin)

larva and 2 nymphal stages

life cycle 10-17 days off host

mites survive for few days off host

transmission by contract

209
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei pathogenesis

A

Burrowing mites cause irritation

Intense pruritis (itching)

Hyperkeratosis

Alopecia

Lesions begin on face, extend over body

secondary infection, pustules, self inflicted trauma

* hypersensitivity

Dog mites can cause lesions on humans and some variety on dogs and foxes

210
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei diagnosis? Treatment?

A

Skin scrapings, can be difficult to find mites

Treatment: most insecticides. cannot do oral treatment because they are not feeding on blood.

211
Q

Sarcoptid genera (2 others)

A

Tixacarus caviae- sarcoptid mite of guinea pigs

Notoedres cati- mainly on cats and rabits

(sub order Astigmata)

212
Q

Cnemidocoptes (species- 3)

A

Sarcoptid mites of birds

C. gallinae- in feathers, depluming mite of poultry

C. mutans- on legs of chickens “scaly leg”

C. pili- on beak and legs of psittacines

213
Q

Family Psoroptidae (sub order Astigmata)- features? Genera?

A

Features: posterior legs long, tissue fluid feeders- cause scabs

Genera:

* Otodectes- ear mites of cats and dogs

* Psoroptes- mites of ruminants, horses, jointed pedicels (fleshy part of the leg)

* Chorioptes- mites of ruminants, horses simple pedicels

214
Q

Otodectes cynotis (family: Psoroptidae, sub order Astigmata)

A

Common ear mite of dogs and cats, also occurs in foxes and rabbits

Causes scabs in external ear canal, hosts shake heads and rub ears

Transmitted by contact, often while suckling

Diagnosis: with otoscope, unreliable examine exudate under microscope

Treatment: oral or tropical insecticides

** cannot give macrocytic lactones to border collies, for example**

215
Q

Family: Psoroptidae

Genus Psoroptes

Psoroptes ovis

A

Features: segmented pedicels

“sheep scab”

* live under scabs

* feed on tissue fluids, cause serous exudate

* life cycle 9-10 days

* high biotic potential

* irritation, scabs, hypersensitivity

* Starts on shoulders and back, spreads over whole body

* In latent cases can occur in ears, inguinal folds, inter-digital spaces

* Most abundant in cool weather

* Can have emaciation & high mortality

* eradicated in Australia

* Prominent when fleece is long and they are protected (same we see with lice*

216
Q

Psoroptes cuniculi

(Sub order: Astigmata, Family: Psoroptidae, Genus: Psoroptes)

A

Ear mite

Hosts: rabbit, horse, goat, alpaca

Causes ear mange- may spread onto face

Common in lab rabbits

Causes irritation, shaking of head

217
Q

Chorioptes (genus)

Family: Psoroptidae

A

Features: simple pedicels

Chorioptes bovis- affect rams in horns, or scrotum

* sit under scabs, difficult to get access to- topical or oral- that will penetrate scab

* chorioptic mange

* In cattle, sheep, goats, horses

* occurs mainly on legs, belly

* commonly seen in housed sheep and cattle

* referred to as “barn itch” can cause scrotal mange in rams

218
Q

Which larvae have 2 rows of spines which are slightly longer and dark?

A

Gasterophilus intestinalis

219
Q

What traits do Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae have?

A

2 rows of spines, slightly longer, darker

220
Q

Which larvae have 1 row of spines that are lighter?

A

Gasterophilus nasalis

221
Q

Explain characteristics of Gasterophilus nasalis larvae

A

Lighter and one row of spines

222
Q

Which larvae have smaller spines only on the ventral side and distinct hooks?

A

Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis

223
Q

Explain the larvae of the Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis

A

Shorter spines only on the ventral side, distinct hooks, darker

Parasitology (6 decks)

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