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Origins of Biodiversity > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

Lectures 15-18

1
Q

Name the 5 main reasons why Arthropods are so successful.

A
  • Jointed appendages
  • Exoskeleton (they are Ecdysozoa)
  • Excretory system (Nephridia, similar to kidneys)
  • Segmentation (Tagmosis, grouping together of some segments into larger units)
  • Compound eyes
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2
Q

Name the layers of functions of layers of exoskeleton.

A

Epicuticle: Water resistant (made of proteins, lipids, wax etc)
Exocuticle: Sclerotised in some areas flexible in other. Made of proteins such as chitin.
Endocuticle: Mostly chitin with calcium

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3
Q

What are the benefits and costs of exoskeletons?

A

Benefits: Prevents water loss, strong but can flex and allow muscle contraction.
Costs: Limit on maximum body size and must moult and be flexible to grow larger.

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4
Q

Give a summary of Trilobites.

A
  • Appeared in Cambrian (530 mya), disappeared in Permian (260 mya)
  • Calcium carbonate exoskeleton (not cuticle)
  • Biramous appendages (still present in Crustacea) made of outer region (exopod) and inner region (endopod)
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5
Q

What are chelicerates? When did some of the major groups appear?

A

Sea spiders, horseshoe crabs (445mya) sea scorpions (Extinct) and Arachnids (420 mya).

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6
Q

What are the feeding habits of the three extant groups?

A

Sea spiders: Eat micro organisms growing on submerged surfaces
Horseshoe crabs: Feed on worms and molluscs
Arachnids: Predatory, liquify prey before consumption. But there is a large variety in predation methods in Spiders.

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7
Q

Describe the segmentation of Chelicerata.

A
  • Fused head and thorax (Cephalothorax)
  • Two tagmata: Anterior prosoma, posterior opisthoma
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8
Q

Describe Pedipalps.

A
  • One segment fewer than the legs, not used for locomotion.
  • In males they are used for sperm transfer
  • In scorpions they are pincers but in everything else they are sensory
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9
Q

How does gas exchange work in Chelicerata?

A

Book lung/gills. Looks like pages of a book.
- Large sa:v ratio
- Layers called lamellae
- Part of the exoskeleton

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10
Q

Name the 4 groups in Myriapoda.

A

Diplopoda (Millipedes)
Chilopoda (Centipedes)
Symphyla
Pauropoda

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11
Q

Give a summary of Diplopoda.

A
  • Two legs per segments
  • Detritivores
  • Non poisonous
  • Stink glands called ozopores
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12
Q

Give a summary of Chilopoda.

A
  • One pair per segment
  • Carnivorous
  • Poisonous
  • Venom claws called forcipules
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13
Q

Give a summary of Symphyla.

A
  • 6 segment head, 14 trunk segments
  • Legs on 12th-13th segments with silk swimming cerci
  • Live in top of soil and are blind.
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14
Q

Give a summary of Pauropoda.

A
  • Blind
  • 11-12 segments with 9-11 leg pairs
  • Forked antennae
  • Feed on fungi, live in soil
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15
Q

Describe the basic Crustacean body plan.

A

Three tagmata
- Head
- Thorax
- Abdomen
(Sometimes only two as some have cephalothorax)

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16
Q

Give a summary of Xenocarida.

A
  • Well developed brains and senses
  • Live in aquafers and caves
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17
Q

What is the other small Crustacea group? Who are they more closely related to?

A

Oligostraca.
- Most related to Vericrustacea and Myriapods.

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18
Q

What are the three classes within Vericrustacea?

A

Branchiopoda (water fleas and fairy shrimp)
Maxillopoda (Copepods such as barnacles)
Malacostraca (Crabs, lobsters etc including Amphipoda, isopoda and Decapoda)

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19
Q

What are the two classes within Hexapoda?

A

Insecta and Entognatha.

20
Q

Summarise Entognatha.

A
  • Retracted mouth parts
  • Many blind or simple compound eyes
  • Wingless
21
Q

How does gas exchange work in insects?

A
  • Through trachea and branches airways of spiracles
  • Limits body size but allowed for the colonisation of land
22
Q

What are the three segment to insect digestive systems?

A

Fore, mid and hind gut.

23
Q

What are the two types of hexapod digestive system?

A
  • Phloem feeders: Consume too much water and sugar so Malpighian tubules remove these and produce honeydew.
  • Desert insects: Don’t consume enough water so the Malpighian tubules are tightly bound to the rectum and extract much water as they can.
24
Q

What muscles do insects use to fly?

A

Dragonflies and cockroaches: Direct flight muscles, attached to wing.
Most others: Indirect flight muscles, attached to thorax. Wings are pivoted.

25
Q

Describe insect development via Ametaboly.

A

Develop from young to adulthood with little change in body form.

26
Q

Describe insect development via Paurometaboly.

A

Gradual change in each body form with wings growing larger with each moult.
Nymphs resemble adults.

27
Q

Describe insect development via Hemimetaboly.

A

Gradual change in body form with external wings getting larger with each moult (like Paurametaboly) but nymphs do not resemble adults. Includes dragonflies.

28
Q

Describe insect development via holometaboly.

A

Drastic changes from wingless larva to winged adult via a pupal stage. Includes beetles.

29
Q

Give a summary of Thysanaura.

A
  • Wingless
  • Ametabolous (no metamorphosis)
  • Silverfish
30
Q

Give a summary of Palaeoptera.

A
  • Includes Ephemeroptera (mayflies), odonata (dragonflies/damselflies)
  • Cant flex their wings
  • Hemimetabolous (partial metamorphosis)
31
Q

Give a summary of Coleoptera.

A
  • Beetles. 30% of all known animals.
  • Holometabolous (complete metamorphosis)
  • Heavily sclerotised and armoured
  • Legs modified, examples being with claws and adhesive structures
32
Q

suborders maybe?

A
33
Q

Give a summary of Lepidoptera.

A
  • Butterflies and moths
  • Long, coiled proboscis for slurpin
  • Multisegmented antennae (clubbed in butterflies but tapering in moths)
  • Holometabolous
34
Q

What are the two types of mimicry Lepidopterans use?

A

Mullerian (Two toxic species will have the same pattern)
Batesian (Mimicking several inedible species)

35
Q

Give a summary of Diptera.

A
  • Wings only on mesothorax
  • Variable mouthparts (non functioning, biting, sucking)
  • Holometabolous (larvae to maggots)
  • Also practice mimicry (hoverflies mimic wasps)
36
Q

Give a summary of Hemiptera.

A
  • True bugs!!!
  • Sucking mouthparts (needle like)
  • Cause damage to plants by feeding
  • Disease vectors
37
Q

What is the difference between Homo and heteroptera?

A

Heteroptera have thickened forewings to form hemelytra. Homoptera (Cicadas, aphids) don’t.

38
Q

Give a summary of the order orthoptera.

A
  • Locusts, crickets and grasshoppers
  • Fore wings form tegmina. Hind wings broad beneath tegmina.
  • Pronotum (wrinkly part that connects over head and abdomen) curved over pleura
  • Hind legs often enlarged for jumping
  • Paurometabolous
39
Q

Describe stridulation in Orthoptera.

A
  • File and scraper (one on each wing or wing and leg) that makes sound
  • Sound enhanced by tegmina (big forewing)
40
Q

Give a summary of Trichoptera.

A
  • Caddisflies
  • Long, multi segmented antennae
  • Hairy wings with no discal cell (large cell found on Lepidoptera wings)
  • Holometabolous with aquatic larvae stage and have a pupal stage
  • Their presence is an indication of water quality
41
Q

Describe the basic body plan of Hymenoptera.

A
  • Bees, wasps etc
  • Mouthparts mandibulated to sucking and chewing
  • Multisegmented antennae
  • Fore and hind wings with simple venation (veins) coupled by hooks
  • Thorax 3 segmented (OR first segment incorporated, known as petiole abdomen)
  • Holometabolous
42
Q

Describe the sexes of Hymenoptera.

A

Diploid = female
Haploid = male
- Hence more related to sisters than offspring

43
Q

What are the three characteristics of true sociality that Hymenoptera show?

A
  • Cooperation by individuals, not parents for young only
  • Overlap of 2 generations capable of labour
  • Reproductive division of labour with sterile individuals working while others breed
44
Q

How do bees communicate?

A
  • Waggle dance
  • To communicate about direction, distance and the quality of their food.
  • They have a time compensated sun compass
45
Q

What other typically human parts of society do bees practice?

A

Welfare and slavery.
- Domestication of aphids by ants to drink their honeydew
- Wasps invade the nest of another bee, killing the queen and laying eggs in their pollen.
Agriculture
- Ants bring leaves to nests, fungus grows on leaves, ants eat fungus.
Teaching
- Ants do tandem runs in which the leader is slower, follow locates landmarks. Makes finding food faster.

Origins of Biodiversity (9 decks)

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