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Invertebrates > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

the presents of Ecdysis (moulting)

(Both nematodes and arthropods show ecdysis and have a cuticle)

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2
Q

Cleavage?

A

NO SPIRAL CLEAVAGE

Example of a protostome without out spiral cleavage

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3
Q

Coelom?

A

Coelomates, coelom is very reduced.

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4
Q

Metamerically segmented

A

Body segment = somite

Appendages on segments

Groups of specialised segments are called tagmata (process is tagmosis)

Head → thorax → abdomen (segments separated into these three groups)

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5
Q

Hox genes

A

Tell cells which segment they are in. developmental genes that control the anterior/ posterior orientation

Different groups of arthropods have the same hox genes

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6
Q

Why is the cuticle so important?

A

Allows arthropods to be aquatic or terrestrial

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7
Q

Cuticle structure

A

Epicuticle

Pro-cuticle
→exo & endo cuticle

(The epidermis secretes the cuticle)

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8
Q

Pro-cuticle

A

Made up of chitin and protein bound together to form a glycoprotein

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9
Q

Exo-cuticle

A

is ‘Tanned’ = extra cross linkages that form which make it very toughened

Acts as support

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10
Q

Issues with the cuticle

A

Locomotion is difficult

Circulation

Gas exchange

Excretion

Growth

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11
Q

Issues with the cuticle: Movement

A

Muscles are attached to the appendages and body

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12
Q

Issues with the cuticle: Circulation

A

coelom not needed for movement

has become reduced and combined with blood system to create HAEMOCOEL

Contains heart that pumped blood around system

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13
Q

Issues with the cuticle: Gas exchange

A

Specialised structured

gills and other structures

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14
Q

Issues with the cuticle: Excretion

A

Specialised enclosed structures

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15
Q

Issues with the cuticle: Growth

A

Ecdysis

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16
Q

What happens during ecdysis?

A
  • Epidermis secretes new cuticle
  • Releases proenzymes (unactivated enzymes)
  • Proenzymes become activated and start digesting proteins and chitin found in endocuticle
  • Animal uses fluid or air to expand size when cuticle is soft, once cuticle is hardened they can expel fluid/air and grow into cuticle
  • Growth starts to slow until moulting - growth happens in jumps
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17
Q

Terrestrial arthropod size limitation

A

Coconut crab = largest terrestrial arthropod (50cm)

Giant spider crab = largest aquatic arthropod (4m)

aquatic environments can support larger sizes

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18
Q

Compound eye

A

Made up of ommatidia (up to 4000)

Sensitive to movement over large field of vision - magnification

Visual fields overlap

Poor resolution and image formation

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19
Q

Earliest group of arthropods ?

A

Trilobites

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20
Q

Trilobite body structure

A

divided into 3 sections (cephalon, thorax, pygidium)

Metameric segmentation

Biramous appendages - have two branches

Gnathobase

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21
Q

Biramous appendages

A

Two branches

filamentous (antennae)

Swimming or walking leg

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22
Q

Gnathobase

A

Grinding surface used to process food

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23
Q

Chelicerates Body structure

A

only 2 tagmata

Prosoma - top region - cephalothorax

Opisthosoma - bottom region - thorax

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24
Q

Characteristic features of chelicerates

A

Chelicerae - front appendages

Pedipalps - seconds pair of appendages

Next 4 pairs of walking legs

No antennae, no distinctive head

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25
Q

Extant chelicerates (2 example marine species)

A

Horseshoe crab

Sea spiders (pycnogonoids)

26
Q

Horseshoe Crab Body features

A

Two tagmata (prosoma & Opisthosoma)

Compound eyes
Only chelicerate that has compound eyes

Also has simple eyes

27
Q

What is special about Horseshoe Crab blood?

A
  • Haemocyanin (blue blood) contains copper
  • They are bled because the blood contains
    limulus amoebocyte lysate
  • Blood is able to detect endotoxins
  • Used to detect endotoxins present in medicine
  • (half a million are harvested every year)
28
Q

Horseshoe Crab Respriation

A

Book gills

29
Q

Horseshoe crab - reproduciton

A

Dioescious (seperate sexes)

External fertilisation

Mass spawning

30
Q

Sea Spider Features

A

Prosoma reduced

Digestive & reproductive organs found on legs

31
Q

Sea spider Reproduction

A

Reproductive organs found on legs

External fertilisation

Male shows parental care

Eggs held in place by ovigers (hook like structures on legs)

Larvae are parasitic until developed into adult

32
Q

What are some forms of terrestrial chelicerates?

A

Arachnids

Spiders & Scorpions

(ticks and mites are a subclass of arachnids)

33
Q

Oldest group of Arachnids?

A

Scorpions
over 400 million years old

34
Q

Scorpion body structure

A
  • Two body segments (prosoma & opisthosoma / cephalothorax & abdomen)
  • Chelicera first pair of appendages
  • Pedipalps - second pair of appendages (large pincers)
  • Median and lateral eyes
  • Pectines: Chemosensory - can detect chemicals
35
Q

Scorpion sting apparatus

A

Telson - has photoreceptors

36
Q

Scorpion respiration

A

Small entrances on underside lead to book lungs

37
Q

Scorpion Reproduction

A
  • Dioecious
  • Male deposits spermatophore on ground holds female and passes her over the spermatophore
  • Indirect internal fertilisation
  • Females give birth to live young
  • Broods offspring
38
Q

How are a spider cheliceraes modified?

A

Modified into fang like structure

Can inject neurotoxins into prey as use as defence

39
Q

Spider Silk

A
  • Spinnerets - spinning silk - produced by silk glands
  • Can produce different types of silk from different silk glands
  • Silk is produced for mating, dispersing, webs, wrapping prey, gift presenting etc
  • Strong substance
  • Made from Fibroin
40
Q

Spider features

A
  • Prosoma and opisthosoma
  • Small waist allows movement
  • 4 pairs of eyes
41
Q

Spider: Digestive system

A
  • Malpighian tubules: attached to gut, allows expulsion of waste products
  • Most are carnivorous: enzymes released from fangs digest prey which they then suck back up - external digestion
  • One species of veggie spider discovered (Bagheera kiplingi) collects beltian bodies from Acia trees (plant material)
42
Q

Spider: Reproduction

A

Fertilisation:

  • Internal indirect fertilisation
  • Male puts sperm into silk sac then sucks up sac in their pedipalp which he then uses to insert sperm into female
  • Sexual dimorphism
  • Usually males smaller than females
  • Nephila sp extreme difference between sexes
43
Q

Spider: Stabilimentum

A

Not clear what it does

Lots of theories

Prey attraction? Mating ritual? warning?

44
Q

Co-operative spiders

A

live in large colonies and share food

Feed on large items (co-operatively bring down larger prey)

45
Q

Ticks and mites

A

Mites: free-living & parasitic form

Ticks: Ectoparasites

46
Q

Ticks and mites body structure

A

Two body sections are less distinguishable from one another

prosoma is known as gnathosoma

Hypostome: used by ticks to anchor onto prey

47
Q

Ear mites

A

Vet worked on mites

Awarded ignoble prize

Infected himself with mites

48
Q

Dust mites

A

Not parasitic but live in close contact with people

49
Q

Ticks Lymes disease

A

Transmitted by bacteria spirochete

50
Q

Crustaceans Habitat

A

Mostly aquatic
Mostly marine

Woodlouse is a terrestrial form

51
Q

Crustaceans body form (Primitive)

A

Primitive form → head + thorax, appendages all the same

2 pairs of antennae

52
Q

Crustacean sexes

A

Mostly dioecious
Nautilus larval stage

53
Q

Crustacean body form (Variation)

A
  • More variation and radiation in evolved forms
  • Differentiation of appendages
  • Appendages are biramous - two branches.
  • Additional branch can be modified for food capture or respiration
  • 2 pair of antennae (characteristic for crustacea)
  • 1-3 thoracic appendages may be incorporated into head (maxillipeds)
54
Q

Types of crustacea: Water Flea (daphnia)

A
  • Two pairs of antennae
  • Reduced abdomen
  • Uses throaxes appendages for feeding
  • Parthenogenetic
  • When environmental conditions are harsh they favour sexual reproduction
55
Q

Types of Crustacea: Barnacle

A
  • Hermaphrodites
  • No abdomen
  • Dont have abdominal-A hox gene which controls abdomen formation.
  • Some species have the largest penis to body ratio found in the animal kingdom
  • Penis shape altered depending on environmental conditions
56
Q

Types of crustacea: Parasitic Barnacles

A
  • Parasitic barnacle (Sacculina)
  • Takes over host reproductive organs and controls it
  • Can change hosts behaviour
  • Disables reproduction so all the crabs energy goes into the parasite instead of reproducing.
57
Q

2 Types of Myriapods

A
  1. Centipedes
  2. Millipedes

2 tagmata

58
Q

Centipedes

A
  • Usually predacious
  • Maxilliped prehensor - poison claw
  • Modified appendages in anterior
  • 1 pair of antennae
  • Name means ‘hundreds of feet’
  • Squashed flat - dorsally ventrally flattened
59
Q

Millipedes

A
  • Name = ‘thousands of legs’
  • Each segment has two pairs of legs
  • Most are herbivorous
  • Rounded form
  • Able to emit chemicals for defence → excrete from repugnatorial glands
60
Q

myriapod respiration

A
  • Respire via tracheal system
  • Air is moved by muscles and diffusion
  • Excretion via malpighian tubules

Invertebrates (13 decks)

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