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Biology of Invertebrates-Lectures > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most succesfful and diverse group of animals?

A

Arthropods

85% of all species
Most dominate in fossil record

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2
Q

Where can arthropods live

A

Cosmopolitan (air, land and water)

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3
Q

The body of arthropods is ______ and possess _______

A

Segmented

Jointed appendages for feeding and movement

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4
Q

Phylum Arthropoda unique characteristics

A
  • Body epidermis is composed of chitonous exoskeleton which is jointed, segmented and hardened/sclerotized
  • lack locomotory cilia in larval and adults stages
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5
Q

Important Arthropod groups include:

A
  • Insecta: anta, dragonflies and bees
  • crustaceans: crabs, lobsters and shrimp
  • arachnids: spiders and scorpians
  • myriapods: centipedes and milipedes
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6
Q

Tagmatization

A

Body divided into segments with specialized functions

Ex: insecta and crustaceans have 3 distinct body segments (head, thorac and abdomen)

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7
Q

Arthropods possess __________ made up of ______ which is shed periodically

A

Jointed, flexible exoskeleton

Chiton

Reason for success of the members of the phylum

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8
Q

Exoskeleton is secreted by what:

A

Epidermal cells

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9
Q

In terms of body plan and development, arthropods are ________ and ______

A

Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic

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10
Q

Body organization of arthropods is of an _____ level

A

Organ-system

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11
Q

4 layers of exoskeleton

A
  1. Epicuticle (outer layer)
  2. Endocuticle (differ among species)
  3. Epidermis
  4. Basment membrane
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12
Q

Exoskeleton is similar to shells of molluscs but differ in

A

Function and composition

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13
Q

In addition to protection, exoskeletong plays a role in

A

Movement and composition

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14
Q

Sclerotization/ tanning

A

Hardening of the cuticle by cross-linking of proteins of the epicuticle

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15
Q

Epicuticle

A
  • Waxy, made up of layers of lipoproteins, underlaid by layers of lipids
  • water impermeable (resistent to water loss by dehydration)
  • disadvantage: can’t function in respiration directly
  • thin, composed of 3% of wrthropod exoskeleon
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16
Q

Procuticle

A

Forms bulk of arthropod exoskeleton

  • exocuticle
  • endocuticle

Made largely of chitin (polysaccaride) and proteins

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17
Q

Biotechnological application of chiton

A

-Chiton has unique characteristics of strength, non-allergenic and biodegradable thus, it is applied as follows:

  • dissolved and reformed into fibers for fabrics abd surgical sutures
  • making capsulated therapeutic drugs
  • proposed for yse as plastic wrap for processed foods: alrhough not digestible by vertebrates
  • as food additive: reduce calorie and cholesterol uptake
  • purifying agent: high binding potential was harnessed for removing organic and inorganic wastes from table water and sewage purification
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18
Q

The major body cavitt of an arthropod is a

A

Hemocoel forming the circulatory system

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19
Q

The true coelom of arthorpods is

A

Greatly reduced to the spaces of the genital and excretory organs as it is encased in a rigid exoskeleton

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20
Q

Arthropods have a complete _____ system

A

Digestive

With mouth and anus

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21
Q

Excretory organs of arthropods

A

Green glands, malpighan tubules, cocal glands

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22
Q

Nervous system of arthropods

A

Similar to annelids with a dorsal brain connected with a nerve ring to double ventral nerve cord

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23
Q

Sensroy organs of arthropods

A

Eyes (simple or compound), chemo-and tactile receptors, balancing and auditory organs

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24
Q

Molting

A
  • process of shedding of exoskeleton and or cuticle lining the inner gut. Also called Ecdysis
  • ensures growth and decelopment among arthropods
  • involves secretion of new cuticle underneath the old one by underlying epidermal cells, followed by partial enzymatic degrading of old cuticle which is released.
  • newly secreted soft cuticle ensures growth of the arthropod prior to hardening
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25
Q

In crustaceans, secretion of new cuticle requires _____

A

Cryptocyanin (substance evolved from hemocyanin, copper based protein which function in oxygen transport

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26
Q

Motling is regulated by neural and hormonal controls known as

A

Ecsysteriod hormine

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27
Q

Motling is induced by release of _____ in head of crustacean or by induction of ________ in the thorax of insects

A

Y-organ

Prothorax gland

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28
Q

Morling in crustaceans is inhibited by _____ until next molting period is reached

A

X-organ

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29
Q

Nervous and muscle control in arthropods

A

Nervous control is theough complex network of axons (slow or fast) which innervates muscle fibers os most parts of the body

Strength of muscle contraction depends on the rate at which nerve impulses are transmitted to the fibers

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30
Q

Arthropods citculstory system

A
  • open circulatory system with the oxygenated blood moving throguh a series of sinuses and finally being drawn back into the heart through ostia as the heart expands.
  • dorsal artery carey oxygenated blood theough hemocoelic channels (unshaded vessels) for gaseous exchange between lungs abd tissues blood to the heart
  • ventral artery collects deoxygenated blood (shaded vessels) to the gills to be oxygenated and retuned to the heart via the pericardial sinus
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31
Q

Arthropod respiration

A

Specialized structures

  • fills in aquatic forms
  • trachea or book lungs in terrestrial forms
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32
Q

Artrhopod ocelli

A

Simple eyes

  • appear like a small cup with light sensitice surface covered by a lens
  • it is supported by light absorbing pigments made up of vitamin A derivates suppeoted by a protein
  • do not form images
  • common in lower invertebrates
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33
Q

Arthropod compound eyes

A
  • Image forming
  • May be present alongside the ocelli
  • made up of many individual units reffered to as Ommatidia
  • gives a broad visual field
  • compound eyes break down an image before it reaches the retina, thus, each ommatidia forms a small part of a single image
  • common in bees, ants, cockraiches and crabs
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34
Q

Insects may be composed of many thousands of ommatidia which are oriented….

A

Each oriented in a slightly different direction from each other owing to the convex shape of the eye

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35
Q

5 parts of ommatidia

A
  1. Fixed-focus lens or cornea: focuses imsge far and near
  2. Underlying gelatinous Crytalline cone: serves as lens in some insects and majority if crustaceans
  3. Cylindrical cells/collars: contain shielding pigment; optically seperates each ommatidium from surrounding ommatidia
  4. Retinular cells: series of ~8 photoreceptors each containing light-sensitice pigment
  5. Neural cartridge: situated at the basal end, contains a cluster of neurons which recieves information from the retinular cells and send action potential to the optic ganglia for processing
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36
Q

Sexual reproduction in arthropods

A

(MOST COMMON)

  • Internal fertilization: common in terrestrial species
  • most are gonochoristic (seperate sexes)
  • hermaphroditic occurs in few species mostly sedentary and parasitic ones
  • development is usually indirect through larval stages
  • parental care is often well marked in many arthropods
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37
Q

Arthropod asexual reproduction

A

Parthenogenesis: development of offspring from unfertilized eggs. Common among the class insecta, branchiopoda and some freshwater copepods; some of these members lack males

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38
Q

Mating partners in arthropods locate themselves via

A

Release of certain chemicals called pheromones

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39
Q

Spermatophores

A

Are specialized containers used by males of kany arthropods such as, insects, mites, copepods and scorpians, for indirect transfer of sperm to the female

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40
Q

Fertilized eggs of arthropods undergo varying stages of development which could be

A

Difect or indirect

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41
Q

95% of all arthopods are contained in a superclass…..

A

Crustacea and two other classes arachnida and insecta

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42
Q

Taxonomic classification of arthropods is mainly on differences in appendages which include:

A
  • number of appendages
  • distribution of appendages
  • embryonic origin
  • form and function of appendages
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43
Q

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

A
  • called 3 lobed arthopod
  • possess two anterior-posterior furrows which divides the body into 3 regions (2 lateral, 1 central)
  • no living species
  • fossil evidence shows some walked, some burrowed and some swam
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44
Q

Triolibitomorpha body forms

A
  • body generally flattened ventrodorsally and divided into 3 parts: cephalon, thorax and pygidium
  • anterior and posterior sections are covered with unjointed sheet of exoskeleton known as carapace; covering the metamerization of these segments
  • possess compound eyes made up of many ommatidia
  • presence of metameric segments shows a primitive form of arthropods
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45
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata unique characteristics

A
  • most possess claws
  • no antennae or manibles
  • lack distinct head
  • body dividible into 2 portions (cephalothorax or prosoma and opisthosoma or posterior abdomen)
  • furst pair of preoral appendages called chelicerae on the prosoma are modified for feeding
  • first anteior segment lacks appendages
  • second anterior segemnt possess a pair if appendages (chelicerae) adjacent to mouth for grabbing and shredding food
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46
Q

Superclass of subpylum chelicerata

And its two classes

A

Merostomata

Arachnida: spiders, mites, ticks
Pycnogonida: non segmented body

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47
Q

Superclass Merostomata unique characteristics

A
  • appendages present on opitosoma are flat and adapted for gaseous exchange (book gills)
  • terminal part of the opistosoma (posterior segment) possess a long pointed spike known as a telson
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48
Q

Merostomata possess how manu living species?

A

4, most are extinct

Horeshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)

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49
Q

Members of the merostomata are all _____ and localized where?

A

Marine

Seas of eastern north america, indonesia and south east asia

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50
Q

Horeshoe crab use what part to aid in burrowing

A

Telson

Searching for mucro animals for feeding

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51
Q

Horsehoe crab burrowing helps to

A

Aerate the soil

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52
Q

Biotechnological application of the Horseshoe crab

A
  • blood components used as bacterial screening tool: components of blood serve as a diagnostic tool for screening injectable pharmaceutical drugs for bacterial endotoxins
  • also serves as a diagnostic component for detectinf diseases like meningitis, gonorrhea and others
  • vision research: studies on eyes of horseshoe crabs provided insights for us
  • important food source: larvae of horse shoe crab released on the sea surface are major food source for kigrateoy shore birds like red knots
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53
Q

Carapace

A

The head and thorax of merostomata are fused into a single functional unit, the prosoma or cephalothorax and are covered with a single, unjointed sheet of exoskeleton called a carapace

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54
Q

What is the only chelicerate with compound eyes

A

Hore shoe crab

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55
Q

Generic evidence reveals that the prosoma is similar to what

A

The hesd of other arthropods

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56
Q

How many appendages do Merostomata have?

A

6

All 6 pairs are found on the prosoma

First pair modified for feeding

Other 5 pairs are for walking (Pedipalp) and last pair has claws

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57
Q

Distinction of Pedipalp of male and female Merostomata

A

Males: use it for grasping feamle during mating

Female: same as other appendages

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58
Q

The first 4 pairs of walking appendages of merostomata are modified at base into ____

A

Toothed food grinding surface known as gnathobase

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59
Q

The fifth pair of appendages in merostomata are modified for

A

Digging mud burrows and cleaning the gills

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60
Q

Chilaria

A

Small, hairy appendages present at the last sefment of the prosoma; used for food crushing and transfer of food to the mouth

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61
Q

Opistosoma bears……

A

Also known as the abdomen bears 6 pairs of appendages; first for reproduction, other kodified as gills

Also bears gill flaps which contain numerous openings (150) book gills; function as surfaces for gas exchnage and channel for blood circulation

(Merostomata)

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62
Q

Class Arachnida

Habitat and examples

A

All 70000 described speicies are terrestrial; earlier memebrs were marine

Include spiders, ticks, scorpians

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63
Q

50% of arachnida are

9000 species are

A

Spiders

Mites and ticks

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64
Q

Spider feeding

A

Carnivorous; prey mainly on insects; maning then a good biocontrol agent

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65
Q

Class Arachnida body

A

Body divided into 2: Prosoma (fused head and thorax) and opistosoma

Prosoma bears carapace

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66
Q

Arachnida eyes

A
  • spiders possess 0-4 pairs of simple eyes present on prosoma (4 most common)
  • lack compound eyes
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67
Q

Arachnida appendages

A

6 pairs of appendages

  • first pair=chelicerae for fedsing
  • second pair=pedipalps for locomotion, defense and reproduction
  • last 4 pairs for walking
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68
Q

Basal segment of pedipalp in arachnida contain

A

Maxilla for mechanical separation of food

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69
Q

The prosoms and opistisima of arachnia are connected by a stalk called

A

Pedicel thst allows for flexibility of the abdomen

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70
Q

Ticks and mites possess fused

A

Prosoma and opistosoma

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71
Q

Arachnida respiratory organs

A
  • tracheae (small species)
  • book lungs or book gills= flattened respirateoy surfaces in the abdomen, they are connected to the outside by means of openings called spiracles

-spiracles close after each breathe to acoud dehydration

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72
Q

Among small sized species of arachnids, spriacles may…

A

Lead into the tracheae (collection of tubules); thus gaseous exchnage not connected with circulatory system; trachea leads directly into body tissues

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73
Q

Spinnerets

A

Possessed by spiders, secrete silk proteins which serves several purposes

  • scaffold for climbing
  • escape danger
  • webs for trapping prey
  • egg sax that to protect embryo, making homes or mating
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74
Q

Class arachnida sexes and reproduction

A

Sexes separate (dioecious)

Mostly oviparous and courtship before mating. In some species, the make transfers sperm to the female in a spackage or spermatophore

-usually lay yolky eggs, which hatch into immature young that resemble adults

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75
Q

Arachnid diverse feeding styles

A 
Omnivorous
Carnivorous
Herbivores 
Fungivores
Parasites
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76
Q

Several mites and ticks are of medical and exonomic inportance as _____ and _____

A

Parasites
Agents of disease

  • as ectoparasites, mites and ticks feed by sucking the host hody fluids with the aid of their muscular pharynx
  • ticks transmit diseases such as rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease and encephalitis
  • also include allergies and rashes on their host

Order acari

77
Q

Habitat of arachnids

A

Freshwater, marine and terrestrial

Forest, moss, ant colonies, burrows, burd bests, decomposing vertebrate caraccases

78
Q

Both young and old arachnids can be parasitic on _____

A

Lizards, burds and frogs

79
Q

Economic impact of arachnids

A

Are agricultural pests directly or as vectors for plant viruses in begetables, fruits, flowers, tobacco and tea plants

80
Q

Class Pycnogonida unique characterisitcs

A
  • lack Tagmatization (body not distinctly segmented)
  • unique proboscis at anterior end with opening at the tio
  • variable number of walking legs
81
Q

Pycnognids habitats

A

Strange habitats

  • all marine species; commonly called sea spiders
  • in oceans around world
82
Q

Ancestor of most arthropods are

A

Pycnogonida

83
Q

Body of Pycnogonida

A

Typically small body (few milimeters to 10 cm) with conspicuously long legs which are typically about 3x the length of the body and may be nearly 16x linger than the body.

  • cephalothorax, abdomen (reduced to short stump)
  • lack specialized repository or excretory systems unlike true spiders
84
Q

Digestive system of Pycnogonida

A

Complete digestive system with a sucking mouth that opens at the tip of an often grestlt elongated proboscis
-digestive system continue to the legs; as do gonads

85
Q

Appendages of Pycnogonida

A

6 pairs

  • chelicera (feeding)
  • pedipalp
  • 4 walking legs
86
Q

Ovigers

A

Pycnogonida head bears a pair of ovigers; used by both sexes go groom the legs and trunks; serve additinal role males to carey fertilized eggs

87
Q

Pycnogonidia sexes

A

Dioecious (separate sexes)

  • females have ovairws
  • males have testes located dorsally in relation to the digestive tract
88
Q

Pycnoginida reproduction

A

External fertilization

Posterior pair of ovigers (on head region) are used by males to carry the eggs after they are fertilized

89
Q

Pycnoginids (juvenile) increase in size not only when they molt, but also____

A

During intermolt periods

Owing to its flexibke movement

90
Q

Feeding of pycnogonids

A

Most adults are carbivores; feeding ok slower moving organsisms like sponges, bryozoans (moss animals) and colonial hydrozoans

Juvenile and some adults are parasitic or commensal in or on various marine invertebrates like gastropods, bivalaves, echinoderms and jellyfish

Ex: Pycnogonum, Nymphon

91
Q

Young and adult stages of the Pyconogonum litorale can survive for ______ without feeding

A

Months

92
Q

Subphylum Mandibulata unique characteristics

A
  • possess jaws
  • third segment appendages modified into mandibles for chewing
  • possess antennae
  • possess distinct head
93
Q

Mandibulata appendages are

A

Uniramous or biramus

94
Q

Mandibulata have separate _____ with _______

A

Sexes

Sexual dimorphism

95
Q

Mandibulata may development involves either

A

Nymph or larval stages

96
Q

Mandibulata includes 3 major groups

A

Myriapoda
Insecta
Crustacea

97
Q

Habitat of Mandibulata

A

Terrestrial and aquatic (fresh or marine)

98
Q

Body of Mandibulata is divided into

A

-two distinct portions (anterior cephalothorax or prosoma and posterior abdomen or opisthosoma)

Or

-3 distinct portions (head, thorax and abdomen)

99
Q

Head appendages of Mandibulata consist of

A
  • 1 or 2 pairs of antennae
  • 1 pair of mandibles
  • 1or 2 pairs of maxillae
100
Q

Eyes of Mandibulata

A

Compound

101
Q

Respiration of Mandibulata is

A

Either by gills or trachea

102
Q

Excretory system of Mandibulata

A

Malpighian tubules or green glands

103
Q

Superclass Myriapoda

A
  • possess many foot (appendages)

- classified into 2 orders: Chilopoda and Diplopoda)

104
Q

Order: Chilopoda

General body

A

Centipedes

  • rounded or flattened head, bearing of antennae at the forward margin
  • possess uniramous appendages (single branched)
  • often lack eyes; when present, eyes generally are simple light receptors called ocelli.
  • head is followed by 15 or more leg bearing segments. First pair of legs are called maxillipeds(for subduing prey)
  • pair of elongated mandibles for chewing
  • 2 pairs of Maxillae
  • body covered with unwaxed cuticle
  • reproductive opening on last body segment

Typically small (5-10cm)

105
Q

Chilopoda habitat

A

Terrestrial and marine

Under soil, in humus, under logs and in homes

106
Q

Respiration if Chilopoda

A

Via trachea

107
Q

Chilopoda Spiracles

A

Spiracles open located on the sides or top of the body; thus, must inhabit moist environments to avoid dehydration

Or nocturnal adaptation

108
Q

Male Chilopoda produce ______ that are usually picked up by females

A

Spermatophore

109
Q

Chilopoda Head morphology

A
  • possess 1 pair of antennae
  • possess 1 pair of mandibles for chewing
  • possess pair of 1st and 2nd maxillae
  • possess simple eyes or lack
110
Q

Trunk of Chilopoda

A

Bears 15 segments after the head; each having a pair of legs

  • first pair of walking legs; modified into powerful fangs for killing prey (Maxillipeds)
  • Repugnatorial glands on each segment of some species: release repulsive chemicals to ward of predators
111
Q

Legs of Chilopoda are mainly for _____ but could serve for ____

A

Running

Burrowing

112
Q

Order Diplopoda general body

A

Millipedes

  • 2 pairs of legs on most body segments; attached to underside of body
  • elongated cylindrical body, capable of rolling up
  • head possess 1 pair of antennae, 1 pair of mandibles and 1 pair of maxillae
  • cuticle harder than centipede due to calcium salt deposits like crabs
  • most lack eyes: but some have up to 80 simple eyes: no compound
  • 2 pairs of spiracles and ganglia on underside
  • reproductive organ on 3rd body segment
113
Q

Are Diplopoda fast?

A

No, not like centipedes

114
Q

Diplopoda feeding

A

Primarily detritivores, some herbivores, few carnivores; no venom

115
Q

Diplopoda reproduction

A

Make generally inserts spermatophore into female with Gonopods

116
Q

Diplopoda head morphology

A
  • single pair of uniramous antennae
  • pair of mandible for chewing
  • pair of maxillae
  • no second maxillae
  • first and second maxillae on each side are fused to form a single appendage (gnathochilarium)
  • possess ~80 ocelli or lack
117
Q

Diplopoda trunk/body morphology

A
  • bears no segments after the head; each having 2 pairs of legs
  • Repugnatorial glands are abundant on the segments of some species: release repulsive chemicals to ward off predators
  • legs adapted for running or burrowing
118
Q

Size of Diplopoda

A

Typically small, but some tropical species could be up to 30cm

119
Q

Superclass Hexopoda unique characteristics

A
  • loss of abdominal segments
  • formation of lower lip (labium) by fusion of a pair of head appendages (2nd maxillae)
  • 6 footed invertebrates
120
Q

2 groups of Insecta

A

Insects

Entognatha
-primitive and wingless hexapoda which evolved independently of insects; but retain 6 legs

121
Q

Class insects habitat

A

All habitats except deep sea

-terrestrial, aquatic and arboreal (trees)

122
Q

Which class is most successful of all organisms

A

Insecta

123
Q

Insecta body

A
  • divided into 3 tagmata (head, thorax and abdomen)
  • possess 3 pairs of legs; each on one of the 3 thoracic segments
  • all appendages are uniramous
  • compound eye on head
  • 3 pairs of mouth parts for chewing, piercing, biting, sucking, siphoning
  • pair of antennae
  • 2 pairs of wings dorsal to thorax
124
Q

Organ of hearing in Class Insecta

A

Tympanum organs

125
Q

Insect respiration

A
  • By trachea

- in groups where trachea are lacking, gas exchange is by diffusion across the cuticle

126
Q

Insect excretory system

A
  • excretion by Malpighian tubules, which are long, slender, blind-ending tubes
  • primary end product of protein metabolism among insects is Uric acid. This nontoxic nitrogenous compound is excreted in nearly dry, solid form
127
Q

Insect wings

A
  • typically possess 2 pairs of wings dorsally on the thorax as outfolding
  • Few species are wingless
  • in flies, 2 hind wings are modified as halters for measuring angular velocity
  • insects used to possess wings on abdomen segments but that has been lost
128
Q

Insect reproduction

A

-mostly diecious
-females of some species require certain diet (mainly Protein rich) to fully develop their eggs
Ex: female mosquito require blood meal for nourishment during oogenesis prior to oviposition
-fertilization is internal, prior to oviposition
-oviposition can be done in water (mosquito), decaying matter (flies), attached to plants, inside other insects (predatory wasps)

129
Q

insects possess several distinct developmental stages called ____

A

-instars

130
Q

3 forms of insect development

A
  1. Hemimetabolous(half adult): young look similar to the adult; transition can be gradual in some species and the different instars are called nymphs (dragonfly, cockroach, grasshopper)
  2. Holometaboulus: Members undergo metamorphosis (series of gradual changes in the development of an insect embryo into adult. (Beetles, moths, butterflies, wasps, ants, bees, flies)
  3. Ametabolous: (primitive condition; no chance between young and adult) (bristletails)
131
Q

Insect social behaviours

A
  • some insects live social (communial life style) called Eusocial species. Ex: termite, bees, ants and wasps)
  • members live in colonies with distinct morphological and physiological adaptations and roles
132
Q

Ant social behaviour

A
  • one Queen (gives rise to colony over many years using stored sperm from a single male, during mating season)
  • sterile workers (mostly females, sisters)
  • soldiers (mostly female)
  • males are winged, produced by Queen periodically and delivers tally without fertilization (haploid) when needed to fertilize young queens which later develop to form new colonies; males killed after fertilizing the young Queen
133
Q

Termite social behaviour

A
  • possess Queen
  • sterile and blind workers (male or female)
  • soldiers
  • secondary Queen and tertiary queen
134
Q

Positives of insects

A
  • important as plant pollinators
  • food and food supplements
  • important in food chain
  • secrete medicinal products (honey and silk)
  • biological control agent of other arthropod pests and vetors (parasitoids)

For parasitoids, female lays eggs into an adult host which develop into larvae to begin devouring the host inside out

135
Q

Negatives of insects

A
  • vectors of diseases that cost economically and medically
  • pests of plants and animals (mosquito, caterpillar)
  • parasites (ticks and mites)
136
Q

Superclass Crustacea unique characteristics

A
  • crust-like structure (carapace)
  • head bears five pairs of appendages; 2 pairs of antennae
  • nauplius: possess a larvae from with triangular shape having three pairs of appendages and a single median eye
137
Q

6 major classes of Crustacea

A 
Malacostraca 
Branchiopoda
Ostracoda
Copepoda 
Cirripedia
Branchiura
138
Q

Class malacostraca unique characteristics

A
  • possess soft shells
  • possess thorax with 6 segments, abdomen with 6-7 segments, with a telson
  • appendages on the 6th abdominal segments are flattened to form a Uropod
139
Q

Which class contains nearly 60% of all described crustacean species including decapods, euphausiids, stomatopods and amphipods?

A

Malocostraca

140
Q

The body of class Malacostraca

A
  • body is tripartite, consisting of a head, thorax and abdomen; head and thorax almost fused
  • head and thorax are covered with a carapace; for which both can be regarded as a cephalothorax
  • possess a rostrum: pointed spine above head
  • body surface covered with chromatophores
141
Q

Malacostraca head morphology

A
  • large, stalked compound eyes
  • 2 pairs of antennae for sensory function (1st pair called antennules, 2nd are antennae and may function in feeding, locomotion and mating)
  • 3 smaller appendages that are involved in feeding or in generating respiratory currents
  • mouth part include mandible (food crushing), and maxillae (generate water current and manipulate food)
142
Q

Malacostraca Thorax

A
  • bears 8 pairs of appendages: 3 maxillipeds (food manipulation), 5 pereopods (walking legs)
  • first 3 pairs of pereopod may be modified into chelate (claws) and function in defence and feeding
143
Q

Malacostraca abdomen

A
  • six segments, each bearing a pair of appendages called pleopods (function in swimming, generating respiratory currents and aids females in egg brooding and nurturing the young.
  • possess a terminal appendage called telson
144
Q

Malacostraca appendage characteristics

A
  • biramus (2 branches)
  • protopodite: first branch point
  • epipodite: lateral branches of the protopodite (function as gills or hill cleaners)
  • endopodite: internal branch
  • expopodite: external branch on appendages (less developed)
  • chromatophores
  • some members are secondarily uniramous as they lack exopodite and endopodite
145
Q

Chromatophore function in class Malacostraca

A

For camouflage controlled by hormones; able to alter their colour based on the background environments

146
Q

Class Malacostraca

Order Decapoda

A
  • posses 10 thoracic appendages

- lobsters, crabs, shrimps, lobsters, hermit crabs

147
Q

Class Malacostraca

Order Euphausiacea

A

Krill

  • possess 8 pairs of walking legs at thorax
  • no maxillipeds
  • possess photopores: light producing organs distributed along the body; serve for mate recognition during reproduction, defence/camouflage and species identification
148
Q

Krill impact

A
  • krill biomass in the oceans surpass those of all aquatic organisms combined
  • food for baleen whales, seals and sea birds
  • some countries began krill exploitation for food
149
Q

Class Malacostraca

Order Stomatopods

A
  • shrimp-like, bottom dwellers
  • up to 30cm
  • mostly tropical
  • fast moving
  • live in burrows in rocks, mud and carpals of shallow water
  • violent carnivores: 8 pairs of appendages on thorax; 2nd pair modified into large and powerful structure for smashing hard shell prey, spearing fish and other soft invertebrates
150
Q

Class Malacostraca

Order Isopoda

A
  • flattened dorsoventrally
  • marine species, few freshwater and terrestrial
  • lack carapace, have a pair of maxillipeds, antennae uniramous
  • small sized (0.5-3cm)

-pill bug

151
Q

Class Malacostraca

Order Amphipoda

A
  • laterally flattened
  • lack carapace
  • mostly marine, few freshwater or terrestrial
152
Q

Class Branchiopoda

A
  • Named because they are gill-foot
  • small, primarily Freshwater crustaceans
  • free-living
  • possess coxa gland (on each thoracic appendage), modified to form a large, flattened paddle; functions in gas exchange and locomotion
  • appendages serve for respiration (gills), locomotion and filter feeding
153
Q

Body of Branchiopoda is partially enclosed in a ______

A

Bivalved carapace

Some lack carapace like fairy shrimp

154
Q

Fairy shrimp are restricted to mostly ______ environments

A

Harsh

Where predators are rare

155
Q

Branchiopoda produce testing eggs that are resistant to extreme temperatures and desiccation called

A

Nauplius

156
Q

Class Branchiopoda

Order Cladocera

A
  • 1/2 of Branchiopoda
  • include Daphnia, zooplankton
  • bivalved Carapace
  • microscopic
  • head, with large biramous second antennae to propel through water
  • thoracic region bears 5-6 pairs of appendages to generate feeding and respiratory currents with satae
  • lack abdominal appendages
  • compound eye; not stalked, but can rotate
  • Cyclomorphosis
157
Q

Cyclomorphosis

A

Seasonal alternation in appearance/ morphology; adaptation to evading predation in Cladocera

158
Q

Class Ostracoda unique characteristics

A
  • head and body are covered with bivalved carapace
  • trunk of body contains a maximum of 2 lies of limbs
  • small crustaceans in all water and some land
  • head makes up most of body
  • 2 pairs of appendages
  • lack external segmentation
  • large antennules and antennae for swimming
  • mandibles are equipped with palps
159
Q

What are class Ostracoda called

A

Minute mussel or seed shrimps

160
Q

Lifestyle of Class Ostracoda

A
  • most free living, some commensal

- may be carnivores, suspension feeders, scavengers and herbivores

161
Q

Class Copepoda body characteristics

A
  • thorax and abdomen bears 5-6 segments
  • first thoracic segment is fused with head
  • lack abdominal appendages
  • most bear single nauplier eye (3 lens with ocelli), some have 2 eyes some none
  • small sized zooplankton
  • carapace
162
Q

Habitat of class Copepoda

A
  • most marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial in soil or moist surface
  • bottom dwelling species live attached to substrates forming meiobenthos (sediment dwelling)
163
Q

Feeding of class Copepoda

A

-feed on unicellular, free floating, photosynthesizing protists called phytoplankton in lakes and ponds

164
Q

How do Copepoda collect phytoplankton

A

Through activities of the 1st and 2nd maxillae

165
Q

Locomotion of planktonic Copepods accomplished by

A

Actions of a pair of biramous second antennae

166
Q

Benthic species of Copepodes use what to move

A

Those acid appendages to walk over surfaces

167
Q

Copepods lack _____ and _____

A

Gills

Abdominal appendages

168
Q

Male Copepoda use _______ to capture females for mating

A

One or both first antennae

Also one or both of the males first thoracic appendages may terminate in a claw which is used to hold the female during mating

169
Q

Female Copepoda carry eggs in a

A

Egg sac

170
Q

Larval stage of Copepoda

A

Nauplius

171
Q

Parasitic Copepoda

A

-most free-living, 25% are parasitic on different species of vertebrates and invertebrates

172
Q

Class Pentastomida characteristics

A
  • body possess 2 pairs of appendages with claws
  • all are internal parasites of vertebrates even their larval stages
  • body is worm like, having their body segmented and covered in a chitinous cuticle
  • digestive tract simple and tubular
  • no circulatory, respiratory or excretory organs
  • adults are legless; larval stages possess 3 pairs of appendages
  • larval Legs are jointed
173
Q

Adult Pentastomids dwell mainly in _____

A

Lungs and nasal passages of reptiles, amphibians, birds and some mammals like dogs and horses

174
Q

Pentastomid are ____________ endoparasites

A

Blood sucking

Cloning to host tissues with sharp anterior hooks

175
Q

Pentastomids are ______ and undergo ________ fertilization. Embryogenesis occurs within a _____

A

Gonochoric (separate sexes)

Internal

Shelled capsule

176
Q

Pentastomid Nascent, encrusted parasite usually leaves the host in _______

A

Nasal secretions and saliva

177
Q

Development of Pentastomida is halted until

Once consumed….

A

Eaten by a suitable intermediate host(vertebrate); insects may act as obligate intermediate host for some

Larvae emerge, tear through the gut wall and develop further within species-specific tissues, then undergo up to 9 moles before reaching a stage infective to final host

178
Q

A definite host of Pentastomida becomes infected by

A

Consuming an intermediate host containing the Pentastomid larvae; juvenile parasite emerge, move to the pharynx, then respiratory system with its claws

179
Q

Direct infection(without intermediate host) of Pentastomid

A

Observed in Norwegian reindeer; where young larvae can invade the placenta tissue of a pregnant female to infect the fetus

180
Q

Class Cirripedia characteristics

A
  • thoracic limbs modified as filtering cirri
  • lack abdomen
  • poorly developed body segmentation
  • lack compound eye and antennae as adults
  • Carapace forms a pair of folds of mantle Surrounding the body and covered externally by calcareous plates
181
Q

Members of class Cirripedia are commonly known as

A

Barnacles

182
Q

Habitat of Cirripedia

A
  • attachment to substrates or as parasite
  • exclusively marine and sedentary; permanently affixed to or burrowed into living or non living substrate
  • free living but also parasites sometimes
183
Q

Barnacles lack

A

Abdominal segments

Gills and a heart

Blood circulated entirely by movement of the body

184
Q

Feeding in Cirripedia

A
  • alternates between active and passive feeding since they live attached depending on velocity of the water current
  • slow water current results in active feeding; actively creates current and collects food materials from surrounding water
  • fast moving water results in passive feeding: food materials are sieved from flowing water passing through the cirri
185
Q

General and common larval stage in crustacea are _____ and are common among

A

Nauplius

Isopods, Cirripedes, ostracods, Branchiopods, euphausiids

Periodically can only in other intermediate larvae forms depending on species before reaching adult

186
Q

In Copepoda, the nauplius gives rise to _______ which undergoes ____ stages to become adult

A

Copepodite

5

187
Q

In barnacles, the nauplius gives rise to ________ and active feeder which gives rise to adult

A

Cypris larva/Cyprid

188
Q

Decapods like crabs and shrimps do not pass through ______ stage, but instead

A

Nauplius

Brood their young externally, beneath the abdomen to a more advanced stage called Zoea larvae, with a characteristic compound eye and spiny carapace

189
Q

Zoea larva undergo several changes and metamorphosed into _______ which gives rise to

A

Megalopda larvae

Adult decapod

Biology of Invertebrates-Lectures (10 decks)

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