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Biology of Invertebrates-Lectures > Annelids > Flashcards

Annelids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are annelids commonly known as

A

Segmented worms

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2
Q

Body plan of Annelids

A
  • usually soft, flexibal bodies used in movement and cylindrical and elongated
  • protostomes
  • bilateral symmestry
  • triploblastic
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3
Q

Common examples of annelids

A

Earthworms, polychaete, worms abd leeches

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4
Q

Unique characteristics of annelids

A
  • Chitinous setae

- metamerism

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5
Q

Chitinous setae

A

All adult annelids other than sipunculans possess at least one lair of chitonous bristles caled setae which is used for movement

Hairlike structures (bristles) composed of chitonous siliceous, extending from parapodia.

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6
Q

Metamerism

A

Refers to the serial repetition of segments and organ systems (skin, musculature, nervous system, circulatory system, reproductive system and excretory system)

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7
Q

Annelid Habitat

A

-moist environments to keep epidermis moist

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8
Q

Annelid epidermis secretes…

A

Epidermis secrete cuticle, whose surface is involved in respiration as it is permeable to water and gas

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9
Q

Annelids have 2 ______ that open at both ends per segment commonly known as ______; mainly used for excretion of waste products

A

Nephridia

(Also regualte amount of water in the coelomic fluid and may play a role in gamete release in some species if ducts extending from gonadal tissue connects with the nephridal tubule)

Metanephridia

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10
Q

Nephrostome

A

Opening from which coelomic fluid is drawn into the nephiriduk by ciliary action

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11
Q

Respiration and circulation of annelids

A

Parapodia and gills mainly serve for gaseous exchange

  • respiratory fases diffuse through the body wall, parapodia increase the surface area for gas exchange
  • closed circulatory system mostly. Oxygen is carried by respiratory pigments. Pigments are dissolved in the plasma. They are present in blood cells of animals.
  • blood is colouless, green or red depending on pigment
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12
Q

Polychaetes respiration

A

No special organ for respirstion, and gas exchange takes place across the body surface
-parapodial gills further increase surface area for gas exchange

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13
Q

Annelid blood pigments

A
  • Hemoglobin: majority of annelids like leeches
  • chlorocruoron: greenish colour in polychaete
  • hemerythrin: found within cells of some polychaetes and sipunculans
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14
Q

2 groups of annelids

A

Sedentaria and Errantia (Polychaetes)

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15
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

(Many setae)
Multi-segmented worms living in all environments in oceans of the world. Strictly aquatic (marine) worms, but are most abundant annelids

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16
Q

Subclass oligochaeta

A

Second largest group of the phylum, 30% of annelids, havitats range from freshwater, marine and terrestrial

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17
Q

Subclass Hirudinea

A

True leeches, highly specialized clitellates, separated from other annelid groups by the presence of an anterior circumoral sucker and a posterior ventral sucker

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18
Q

Members of class Polychaeta have what key characteristic?

A

Parapodia- paired outer folding of the body wall

Series of extended thin, flat outgrowth on tbe body walll

-increase surface area, gas exchange, locomtoion with support of stiffen rod called acicula

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19
Q

Body size, and movement of Polychaeta

A

Soft bodies usually only a fee centimeters long and pencil thick, move slowly aided by the retracable grup of four dense clusters of bridtles and hooks called chaetae on each segment

-body is lined with longitudinal and circular muscles for support and movement, flexibility for locomotion and burrowing

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20
Q

Class Polychaeta eyes

A

Possess a minimum of a pair of eyes and pair of sensory appendages (tentacles) on the anterior portiok of the body known as prostomium

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21
Q

Elytra

A

Presence of overlapping plates on the surface of some species

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22
Q

Class Polychaeata Septa

A

The coelom is spacious usually divided by intersegmental septa.

  • septa maintain hydrostatic pressure in individual segments; allows for movement, and flexibility
  • may be absent in burrowing species; ensures shape flexibility and extension of the penetrating organ which is an inverted pharynx known as proboscis for sedument penetration
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23
Q

Habitat of Polychaeta

A
  • typically burrowers some live under rocks, in coral crevices, abondoned shells, mud or sand.
  • divided into 2 groups: sedentary polychaetes and errant or free living polychaetes
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24
Q

What eats Polychaeata

A

-play a significant role in marine food chains because they are eaten by fish, crustaceans, hydroids and others

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25
Q

Sedentary polychaeta

A

Mainly tubicolous (tube dwellers), spending most of their time in tubes or permaent burrows.

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26
Q

Errant polychaetes

A

Include free moving pelagic forms, active burrowers, crawlers and tube works that leave their tubes for feeding and breeding

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27
Q

Secual reproduction in class Polychaeta involves _____ sexes in most species

A

Seperate (gonochoristic)

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28
Q

Polychaetes

Gametes are produced by_______rather than in distinct gonads and then are released ______

A

Peritoneal tissue and then relessed into the associated coelomic compartments where theh matures

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29
Q

Approximately _____ adjacent segments of a given polychaeata are involved in gamete production and some do it in nearly all segments

A

6

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30
Q

Epitoky

A

A form of morphological transformation undergone by mainly sedentary species in readiness for reproduction, resulting in an epitoke

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31
Q

Epitoke

A

Sexually matured worms (male or female) and are mobile by swimming

Polychaeata

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32
Q

Polychaetes fertiize their eggs ______. Typically the ______ embryo soon develops a _______ system and _____ of cilia

A

Externally in the surrounding water

Free-living

Digestive

Two rings

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33
Q

Prototroch

A

Two rings of cilia in polycheate embryo

This makes the largae on trochohore stage

Mainly a locomotive structure

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34
Q

Two other ciliated rings are present in the larva of polychaetes:

A

Middle ring: metatroch

Posterior ciliated ring: telotroch(near anys) which gives rise to the pygidium

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35
Q

Polyplaetes direct development

A

Embryo develops directly within a gelatinous mass in sediment or withon the females tube at the surface

36
Q

Polychaetes brooding chamber

A

In some species, parent possess brooding chamber where the embryo can develop into larvae and later adult, under the protection and care of the parent

37
Q

Polychaetes asexual reproduction

A

By fragmentation and regeneration of missing parts. New offspring sre geneticaly identical and are not regarded as true individuals, so commonly reffered to as a ramet of the parent genotype

38
Q

Errant polychaetes feeding

A

Mostly predators and scavengers

39
Q

Sedentary types of polychaetes feeding

A

Suspended particles or they are deposit feeders, consuming particles on or in the sediment

40
Q

Polychaetes general feeding and digestion

A
  • possess a mouth leading to the peristomium and posterior anus near the pygidium
  • possess a simple linear and unsegmented gut; food moved from mouth to gut via ciliary or muscular action
  • some species possess evaginated guy with digestive glands or caeca which increases the surface area of the gut for digestion and absorbtion
41
Q

Two families of Annelids

A

Siboglinidae

Echiurans

42
Q

Unique characteristics of Siboglinidae

-bacteria organ?

A
  • Gut tissue (inner germ layer/endoderm) forms an orgab known as trophosome which becomes filled with chemosynthetic bacteria
  • body segmentation is restricted to posterior portion of the organism forming an opistosoma
43
Q

Cosmopolitan

A

Members are a small but especially intriquing group of polychaetes distribute theoughout the worlds oceans

(SOBOGLINIDS)

44
Q

Lifestyle of Siboglinids

A

Tube-dwelling polychaetes that live in chitonous tubes; move freely within their tubes, they have tentacles which is serviced by blood vessels

45
Q

The anteriormost region of Siboglinids body has a

A

Cephalic lobe that consists of one to many thousands of ciliated tentacles and a grandular area that secretes a chitonous tube where the animal lives

46
Q

Vascularised tentacles are ysed for what in Siboglinids

A

Exchange gases

47
Q

Habitat of Siboglinids

A

Marine dwellers:

  • bottom of the ocean
  • none pellagic
48
Q

The body of Siboglinids is divided how?

A

Anterior region, trunk and opistosoma

49
Q

Anterior region contians what

A

Cephalic lobe and tentacles

50
Q

Trunk contains what

A
  • longest part containing uninterrupted coelomic cavities
  • unsegmented and not septa in cavity
  • contains papillae (small bump), cilia and setae
  • trophosome: in coelomic cavity and house numerous bacteria which play roles in nutrition as they lack digestive system
51
Q

Opistosoma conatins what

A

Posterior aegmented portion of siboglinids, resembing that of the true annelids

52
Q

Siboglinids lack which shstem

A

Digestive system

53
Q

3 feeding habits of Siboglinids

A
  1. Particulate feeders
  2. Uptake of dissolved orgnajc matter
  3. Chemosynthesis
54
Q

Particulate feeding in siboglinids

A

Tentacles at anterior wnd which contain surface microvilli and secretory cells
-tentacles trap food and digest them externally

(Not a substancial part of theur nutrition)

55
Q

Uptake of dissolved organic matter from water in Siboglinids

A

Some species, especially the frenulate group (sediment dwellers), take up amino acid carbohydrates and other organic material to meet metabolic requirements

56
Q

Chemisynthesis

A

Presence of trophosome (bacteria dwelling organ) in siblglinids houses symbiotic bacteria. Especially in the bottom sea dwellers which inhabt dark and hypoxic environment.

  • bacteria get methane and sulfides through tentacular plume
  • siboglinids either digest some bacteria to derive its nutrients or trap organic carbon compounds produced by the bacteria during energy generation
57
Q

Characteristics of Echiurans

A
  • worms that live in sandy or muddy burrows or rock crevices
  • anterior cephalic projection has a proboscis that is muscular and mobile for food collection
  • never segmented body
  • setae on body surface
58
Q

Feeding of Echiurans

A
  • mostly deposit feeder, but genus Urechis are suspension feeders
  • edge of proboscis curls to form a gutter
  • mud and detritus that is trapped by mucous secretion of the proboscis are moved by the cilia posteriorly towards the mouth.
  • digestive tract contained within the trunk is very long and convoluted with the anus opening posteriorly
59
Q

What organs do Echiurans not have?

A

Respiratory

Use diffusion instead

60
Q

Reproduction of Echiurans

A
  • Gonochoristic: male and female organs
  • do not possess distinct sex gonads, gametes produced by the peritoneal lining of the coelom and released into coelomic cavity
  • gametes leave body through aid of metanephridia into surrounding sea-water where fertilization occurs which results in trochophore larva
61
Q

Class Clitellata unique characterisitcs

A
  • pronouced cylindrical glandular region known as clitellium that plays a major role in reproduction
  • have gonads
  • no parapodia
  • hermaphrodites: male and female sex cell in an individual
62
Q

Some members of Clitellum release_____and _____

A

Cocoon which secreted mucus for sperm exchange and albumin for food for the developing embryo

63
Q

85% of Clitellates are _____

A

Oligochaetes

-more streamlined body when compared to most polychaetes

64
Q

Oligochaetes use ______ for excretiok and osmoregulation

A

Metanephridium

65
Q

2 subclasses of Clitellata

A

Oligochaetes (few or no setae)

Hirudinea (leeches)

66
Q

Oligochaetes possess ____

A

Clitellum-enlarged specialized region of the epidermis, play role in reproduction

67
Q

Most oligochaetes live where

A

Inhabit fresh water And terrestrial environment mainly

68
Q

Body of Oligochaetes is ______ and more _______ than most polychaetes

A

Streamlines and elongated

69
Q

Characterisicts of Oligochaetes

A
  • no parapodia
  • have satae
  • lack respiratory organs; use diffusion
  • segmented with septa body
70
Q

Lumbrius terrestris importance

A

Oligochaetes

Terrestrial

Good bioindicator of the environment stress and contamination and play a role in soil aeration and water percolation

71
Q

Locomotion in Oligochaetes

A

-body limed with inner longituinal musxles and superficial circular muscles which aide in movement by contraction and relaxation of the muscles in peristaltic waves (also in polychaetes)

72
Q

Reproduction in Oligochaetes

A
  • all hermaphrodites
  • gametes produced by a fee segments into distinct ovaries and testes
  • mating individuals form pair and exchange sperm which are stored in a structure called spermathecae
  • egg and sperm are transferred into an external cocoon secreted by the clitellum
  • fertilization occurs externally within the cocoon, wmbryo develop with it, while feeding on mucus secreted by the clitellum.
  • lack larval stage; emerge from cocoon and develop to adult directly
73
Q

Other forms of reproduction in oligochaetes

A
  1. Transverse division of an adult into 2 or more section: common in fresh water species
    - each part develop into new individual
  2. Partehnogenesis: common in terrestrial species where egg develops difectly into adults without fertilization
74
Q

Subclass Hirudineans unique characteristics

A
  • anterior and posterior suckers
  • Are leeches
  • no parapodia, respiratory or head appendage
  • no setae
  • no body divided into segments by septa
75
Q

Leech movement

A

Move over substrates by anchoring by means of the anterior and posterior suckers

76
Q

Feeding system of Leeches

A
  • mostly ectoparasites (blood sucking annelids)
  • possess 3 tooth jaws in the mouth for attachment to host skin
  • some have protrusible proboscis, for talikg blood into the gut
  • mouth of the leech opens into a muscular, pumping pharynx
  • salivary glands associated with the pharynx secrete hirudin, an anticoagulant
  • a crop and digestive glands are found in some
77
Q

Leech reproduction

A
  • hermaphroditic
  • only few segments of each individual are directly involved in gametogenesis
  • fertilization is internal either by copulation or by storage of sperm in spermatophore
  • embryo develop in cocoon externally secreted by clitellum
  • free living larval stage is absent
  • embryo directly to adults
78
Q

Phlyum Tardigrada are known as

A

Water bears

79
Q

Tardigrade habitat

A

Surface films of fresh water on terrestrial plants, especially mosses and lichens

80
Q

Tardigrade cuticle

A

Posses a complex, chitonous cuticle that is periodically molted

81
Q

Tardigrades possess ________ like straited muscles, and their capacious body cavity appears to be a ______ formed from spaces in the connective tissue

A

Arthropod

Hemocoel

82
Q

Unique Tardigrade characteristics

A
  • mouthparts: protrusinle, oral stylets for piercing plant and to a lesser exent, animal tissues
  • complex chitinous cuticle
  • lack mobile cilia
  • arthropod like straited muscles
  • organized nervous system
83
Q

Class Onycophora

A
  • Posses some characteristics that are cleary annelid and some clearly arthropod
  • all free living
  • protostomous coelomates
  • appendages that are hihgky modified to form jaws around mouth
  • specialized glands to discharge adhesive materials theough openings on the oral papillae
  • all modern are terrestrial, fossils primarily marine
84
Q

Unique characteristics of class Onychophoran

A
  • second pair of appendages that are highly modified to form jaws surrounding the mouth
  • possession of third pair of appendgaes to for stubby projections
  • body wall musculature
  • single pair of feeding appendages
  • no joints
  • hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion
  • one pair of nephridia
85
Q

Onychophoran feeding

A
  • Some carnivorous: on various small arthropods
  • attack prey from a distance by shooting a proteinaceous glue from large (and unique) “slime glands” opening at the tips of two specialized oral protuberances, the oral papillae
  • onychorphoran bites theough ang protective coverings, secreting into the tisshes substances that kill the prey and partially liquify the tissues

Biology of Invertebrates-Lectures (10 decks)

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