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Principles of Clinical Immunology > Arthropod-Vector Borne Infectious Disease in Large Animals > Flashcards

Arthropod-Vector Borne Infectious Disease in Large Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What diseases do ticks transmit?

A 
Babesia spp
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Louping ill virus
Staph pyogenes
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
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2
Q

What babesia spp infect cattle?

A

B. divergens, B. bigemina, B/ bovis

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3
Q

What is the habitat that ticks inhabit?

A

Rough pasture, moorland and heathland, high humidity, presence other vertebrate hosts

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4
Q

What is the tick feeding season?

A

Mainly March to June with peak activity in April/May

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine babesiosis?

A

Pyrexia, anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria, death (24 hours acute illness), intravascular haemolysis

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6
Q

How is endemic stability achieved with bovine babesiosis?

A

Calves <6 months resistant to disease and develop immunity and asymptomatic state

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7
Q

How is bovine babesiosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear
PCR
Serology

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8
Q

How is bovine babesiosis controlled?

A

Acaricides, tick habitat removal, avoid certain pastures/deliberately graze youngstock on known tick pastures, live attenuated vaccines available

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9
Q

How is bovine babesiosis treated?

A

Anti-parasitic drug = imidocarb

Supportive

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10
Q

What is Anaplasma phagocytophila?

A

Tick borne fever

Rickettsial parasite of leukocytes affecting cattle, sheep, goats, horses and dogs

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11
Q

What disease does Anaplasma phagocytophilia cause in people?

A

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tick borne fever?

A

Intracytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils, eosinophils and monophils resulting in immune suppression and leukopenia, neutropenia and decreased phagocytosis

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13
Q

What are the three outcomes of tick borne fever?

A

Asymptomatic
Increased susceptibility to other diseases
Fever and abortions in sheep and goats and fever, milk drop and respiratory signs in cattle

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14
Q

What is Louping ill virus?

A

Only Flavivirus endemic to UK in upland areas of Scotland, Wales, NW and SW England

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15
Q

What are the signs of louping ill virus?

A

Pyrexia and paresis in sheep

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16
Q

How is equine infectious anaemia transmitted?

A

Horse and stable flies
Saliva, nasal secretions, faeces, semen, ova and embryos
Fomites
In utero

17
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute EIA?

A

Fever, thrombocytopenia, lethargy, inappetence, can be fatal, susequent inapparent infection or recurrent disease episodes

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronis EIA?

A

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, dependent oedema, occasionally neuro signs

19
Q

How is EIA diagnosed?

A

Positive serology confirms as it is a persistent virus

20
Q

What are the characteristics of bluetongue virus?

A

Non-enveloped segmented RNA virus with 25 serotypes

Transmitted by Culicoides spp

21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of BTV?

A

Haemorrhagic disease and replicated in endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of BTV?

A

Pyrexia, salivation, oedema face and lips, cyanosis of tongue, coronary band haemorrhages in sheep
Cattle less severely affected but get oronasal crusts and erosions

23
Q

How is BTV diagnosed?

A

Spleen, red bone marrow, liver, heart blood, LN biopsy
Blood in heparin for virus isolation/RT-PCR
Serum for ELISA

24
Q

What is the life-cycle of West Nile Virus?

A

Normally maintained in mosquito-bird cycle with horses and humans being incidental hosts

25
Q

What range of symptoms are seen in West Nile Virus in horses and people?

A

Asymptomatic to fatal encephalitis

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of Schmallenberg Virus?

A

Mild disease in adults with pyrexia, milk drop and diarrhoea

Congenital defects in lambs, calves and kids - hydraencephaly, arthrogryposis, dummy calf

27
Q

What causes Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever?

A

Bunyavirus CCHFV

28
Q

Where is CCHF endemic?

A

Africa, parts of Europe, Asia and the Middle East

Principles of Clinical Immunology (4 decks)

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