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Principles of Clinical Immunology > Arthropod-Vector Borne Infectious Diseases in Small Animals > Flashcards

Arthropod-Vector Borne Infectious Diseases in Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are vector-borne diseases caused by?

A

Parasites, bacteria or viruses transmitted by the bite of haematogenous arthropods

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS)?

A

To protect individual pets but also UK disease status and requires rabies and tapeworm treatment

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3
Q

What changes have recently been made to the PETS?

A

On 1st Jan 2012 the requirement for compulsory treatment of companion animals for ticks before their entry into the UK was withdrawn

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4
Q

What tick borne diseases may be imported in dogs travelling in from the EU?

A

Babesia canis canis
Babesia gibsoni
Ehrlichia canis

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5
Q

What tick borne diseases are already endemic in the UK?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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6
Q

Which ticks are already endemic in the UK?

A

Ixodes ricinus

Dermacentor reticulatus

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7
Q

Which tick is brought into the UK on animals?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus - not endemic in UK and requires >18C for life cycle, vector for Mediterranean spotted fever

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8
Q

What is babesiosis caused by?

A

Protozoan parasite of RBCs transmitted by ticks

2 main genera are Babesia and Theileria = Piroplasms

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9
Q

What are the most important agents of canine babesiosis?

A

Large babesia = B. canis canis (Europe), B. canis vogeli (Africa, Asia, USA, Europe, Australia), B. canis rossi (S. Africa)
Small babesia = B. gibsoni (Asia, Africa, USA, S. Europe)

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10
Q

What differences exist between the different species of babesia?

A

Vectors and geographical distribution (changing)

Virulence, prognosis and response to treatment

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of babesia?

A

Within ticks Babesia is transmitted trans-stadially and trans-ovarially
Sporozoites injected from tick salivary glands, enter circulation and endocytosed by RBCs
Immune-mediated component of pathology
Thrombocytopaenia common but usually not enough to cause bleeding or abnormal coagulation

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of babesiosis?

A

Those of haemolytic anaemia

Lethargy, depression, inappetence, icterus, splenomegaly, tachycardia, tachypnoea

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13
Q

How is babesia diagnosed?

A

Clinical lab findings - thrombocytopaenia, Coombs +ve
Microscopic identification - low sensitivity
PCR - high sensitivity, species identification possible
Serology - indirect fluorescence Ab test/ELISA

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14
Q

What is the treatment for babesiosis?

A

Antibabesial drug - Imidocarb dipropionate
Large forms = rapid clinical response
Small forms = clinical and pathological cure uncommon, clinical relapses can occur

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15
Q

Which rickettsial diseases are vector borne?

A

Canine Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp

Small obligate intracellular gram -ve bacteria

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16
Q

Which species infect monocytic cells?

A

Ehrlichia canis

Ehrlichia chaffeensis which causes human form but molecular evidence has been found in canine form

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17
Q

Which species infects thrombocytic cells?

A

Anaplasma platys

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18
Q

Which species infects granulocytic cells?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Ehrilichia erwingii

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19
Q

What is the incubation period of Ehrlichia canis?

A

1-3 weeks

20
Q

What are the acute signs of Ehrlichia canis?

A

Vasculitis and immune destruction causing thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy
Multisystemic signs
Spleen and LN enlargement
CNS/ocular sings

21
Q

What are the two outcomes of acute Ehrlichia canis?

A

Clearing of disease

Sub-clinical carriers

22
Q

What can happen to the sub-clinical carriers of Ehrlichia canis?

A

Recover or become chronically infected

23
Q

What are the signs of chronic Ehrlichia canis infection?

A

Bone marrow destruction causing a pancytopenia

Signs as for acute

24
Q

How is Ehrlichia canis diagnosed?

A

Morulae in monocytes in blood smears or macrophages from tissue aspirates
Thrombocytopaenia/pancytopaenia
IFA/ELISA

25
Q

How is Ehrlichia canis treated?

A

Tetracyclines/Chloramphenicol for 28 days

26
Q

What are the signs of A. phagocytophilum in dogs?

A

Mild/moderate thrombocytopaenia
Lymphopaenia
Mild anaemia
Natural chronic infection hasn’t been seen
Impaired PMN function can predispose to secondary infections

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lyme disease in people?

A

Erythema migrans in 80-90% of cases

Later clinical signs involve skin, nervous/musculoskeletal systems

28
Q

What are the commonest signs of Lyme disease in dogs?

A

Lethargy, anorexia and pyrexia
Inflammatory polyarthritis
Lymphadenopathy
Protein-losing glomerulonephropathy

29
Q

How is diagnosis of Lyme disease achieved in dogs?

A

No pathognomonic test
Asymptomatic seroconversion common
Microscopic/genetic detection often not possible

30
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme disease in dogs?

A

Doxycycline/amoxicillin

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Leishmania?

A

Flagellate protozoa
Phlebotomus vector - sandflies
Reservoir host - dogs

32
Q

What is the life-cycle of Leishmania?

A

IMAGE

33
Q

What are the key features of pathogenesis of canine leishmaniosis?

A

Macrophages are target tissues
Systemic infection in haemolymphatic organs
Parasite persistence can lead to chronic infection
Protective immunity mediated by T cells
Signs may develop months-years after infection

34
Q

How does host immune response determine clinical outcome?

A

Th2 predominant = severe non self-limiting disease with high serology, decreased cellular immunity and high parasite load
Th1 predominant = clinically healthy but infected self-limiting disease with low serology, predominant cellular immunity, low parasite load

35
Q

What other factors influence variation of clinical outcome?

A

Endemic/naive situation,
2-4 years and >7 years more susceptible
Breed, nutrition, concurrent disease and immunosuppression

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of leishmaniosis?

A

Weight loss, lethargy, inappetence, skin disease, lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, lameness, arthropathy, PU/PD, proteinuria, ocular signs, epistaxis, GI signs, hypergammaglobulinaemia, non-regenerative anaemia or mild thrombocytopaenia, azotaemia

37
Q

How is leishmaniosis diagnosed?

A

Demonstration of parasite (100% spec, 80% sens)
Serology with high Ab titre highly suggestive
PCR of bone marrow/LN/spleen/skin
Clinicopathological findings - hyperglobulinaemia, decreased albumin:globulin ratio, thrombocytopaenia, non-regenerative anaemia, proteinuria

38
Q

What is the treatment for leishmaniosis?

A

Meglumine antimoniate + allopurinol (prolonged treatment) and needs importation as not licensed in UK

39
Q

What does Diroflaria immitis cause?

A

Heartworm

Occupy R side heart and pulmonary arteries

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of D. immitis?

A

Coughing, dyspnoea, reduced exercise tolerance, R sided heart failure

41
Q

What vector transmits D. immitis?

A

Mosquito

42
Q

What are the prophylactic treatments for D. immitis?

A

Selamectin (Stronghold)
Milbemycin (Program Plus/Milbemax)
Moxidectin (Advocate)

43
Q

What is the treatment for D. immitis infection?

A

Symptomatic treatment with steroids and treatment of CHF
Adulticide therapy using melarsomine
Microfilarial therapy using levamisole, ivermectin, milbemycin

44
Q

What is Bartonellosis?

A

Caused by small gram -ve haemotropic bacteria

45
Q

Which species of Bartonella is most common in cats?

A

Bartonella henselae most common in cats

46
Q

What is the vector for Bartonella?

A

Fleas

Ticks?

47
Q

How are zoonotic bartonella infections caused?

A

Cat scratch disease

Principles of Clinical Immunology (4 decks)

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