Arthrology Quiz 1 Flashcards
How to classify joints
- The presence or absence of space between the articulating bones called a synovial cavity
- Type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
Types of joints
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Fibrous Joints
no synovial cavity and held together by dense connective tissue
Types of fibrous joints
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Interosseous membranes
Sutures (Type of Joint)
occurs only between bones of the skull*(synarthrosis)
Syndesmoses
greater distance between bones then a suture and allow amphiarthrosis
ex: Distal tibiofibular joint, gomphosis
Amphiarthrosis
a slightly movable articulation
Gomphosis
a syndesmoses joint only found between the roots of teeth and their sockets in the mouth
Interosseus membrane
sheet of dense irregular connective tissue between 2 neighboring long bones ex: between radius and ulna also between fibula and tibia
Cartilaginous joints
no synovial cavity, allow minimal movement and is connected by cartilage (ie: Synchondroses, epiphyseal cartillages, symphyses)
Synchondroses
joint where the connective tissue is hyaline cartilage and is slightly movable to immobile, an example would be the cartilage between the ribs and manubrium
Epiphyseal Cartilages
cartilaginous joints within bones ex: epiphyseal plate
Symphyses
where 2 bones are joined by a disc of cartilage ex: pubic symphyses
Synovial Joints
have a synovial cavity and are all classified as diarthrosis
Diathrosis
a freely movable joint
Functional classifications of joints
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, diathrosis
Synarthrosis
an immovable joint
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane (Planar)
- Hinge (Ginglymus)
- Pivot (Trochoid)
- Condyloid Ellipsoidal
- Saddle (Sellar)
- Ball and Socket (Spheroid)
Planar Joints
flat or slightly curved. Primarily permit back and forth movements or side to side, may also rotate against one another. Many plane joints are biaxial joints, meaning that they permit movement in 2 axes
Axis
a straight line around which a bone rotates or slides
Ginglymus Joint
AKA Hinge
where a convex surface of 1 bone fits into a concave surface of another bone. Creates an angular opening-closing motion like the hinge of a door. Hinge joints are uniaxial (single axis/plane)
Trochoid Joint
AKA Pivot Joint
rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by another bone and partly by a ligament. Is uniaxial
Ellipsoidal Joints
AKA Condyloid Joint
Convex oval-shape of one bone fits in an oval-shaped depression of another bone. They are biaxial because they allow movement in 2 axes
Sellar Joints
AKA Saddle Joints
Movement is biaxial and the only example is the thumb
Spheroid Joints
AKA Ball-and-Socket
Consist of a ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone. These joints are triaxial, meaning they allow movement in 3 axes/planes. An example is the shoulder and hip.
Articular cartilage
reduces friction between bones in the joint and allows smooth movement
Joint capsule
This surrounds the synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones. This reduces friction between bones during movement and helps to absorb shock
Synovial fluid
this is a viscous clear or pale-yellow fluid. It functions to reduce friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shock and supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and waste from the articular cartilage.
Ligament
Parallel bundles of dense connective tissue that strengthen and stabilize joints
Accessory ligaments
ligaments that lie outside the articular capsule
Articular disc
AKA Menisci
crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the joints
Labrum
this is a fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket. Mostly found in ball-and-socket joints
Bursa
is a flattened fibrous sac filled with fluid
Tendon sheath
are tubelike bursa
accessory movements
are small movements that occur in a joint
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Articular Cartilage
- Joint Capsule
- Synovial Fluid
- Ligament
- Accessory Ligaments
- Articular Discs
- Labrum
- Bursa
- Tendon Sheath
Movements of Synovial Joints
- Gliding
- Angular
- Rotation
- Special
Gliding
Movement (Synovial joint) of relatively flat bone surfaces back-and-forth and side-to-side over one another; little change in angle between bones
Angular Movements List
- Flexion
- Lateral Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
Flexion
Decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane or an anterior movement at a ball-and-socket joint.
Lateral flexion
Movement of trunk in frontal plane
Extension
Increase in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane or a posterior movement at a ball-and-socket joint
Abduction
Movement of bone away from midline, usually in coronal plane
Adduction
Movement of bone toward midline, usually in coronal plane
Circumduction
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession (or in the opposite order); distal end of body part moves in circle
Angular Movement Definition
Increase or decrease in angle between bones
Rotation
Movement of bone around longitudinal axis; in limbs, may be medial (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)
Special Movements List
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
- Supination
- Pronation
- Opposition
Special Movement Definition
Occurs at specific joints
Elevation
Superior movement of body part
Depression
Inferior movement of body part
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane
Retraction
Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane
Inversion
Medial movement of sole
Eversion
Lateral movement of sole
Dorsiflexion
Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface)
Plantar flexion
Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole)
Supination
Movement of forearm that turns palm anteriorly
Pronation
Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly
Opposition
Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand
Joint mobilizations
This is a manual therapy intervention that addresses arthrokinematic joint motions
Arthrokinematics
the movement of joint surfaces
Goals for joint mobilizations
- Promote movement between capsular fibers
- Promote circulation of synovial fluid
- Decrease pain
- Increase ROM
Joint Mobilization Grades
Grade 1: Small amplitude movement at the beginning of the available range of movement
Grade 2: large amplitude movement at within the available range of movement. Ideal for joint assessment
Grade 3: large amplitude movement that moves into tissue stretch
Grade 4: small amplitude movement at end of tissue stretch
Joint Mobilization Use
- Grade 1&2 joint mobilization are used to decrease pain
- Grade 3&4 joint mobilizations are used to increase range of motion in the joint
Treatment plane
lies in the concave articular surface and is parallel to the joint surface
Traction/distraction
To move/pull a bone directly away from the treatment plane perpendicularly, (increase the space in between the bones of the joint)
Joint mobilization indications
- Hypomobile joint
2. Pain in the joint (within reason)
Joint mobilization Contraindications
- Hypermobile joint (except to decrease pain
joint mobilizations on a hypermobile joint
to decrease pain ONLY, the grades used would only be 1 & 2 to avoid any tissue stretch
Convex Rule
the movement at the bone will be opposite of the movement within the joint, this indicates that to increase the ROM in this direction the mobilization will occur in the opposite direction.
Example: To increase flexion in the GH joint (shoulder), the mobilization used would be a posterior glide, since movement for flexion is forward.
Concave rule
the movement at the bone will be the same as the movement within the joint, to increase a ROM the glide will occur in the same direction as the motion.
Example: to increase flexion at the knee the mobilization would be a posterior glide because it happens in the same direction as the movement
