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Biomechanics > Arthrology > Flashcards

Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

What are kinematics?

A

Branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of a body without reference to the forces that produce the motion.

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2
Q

What are kinetics?

A

Branch o f mechanics that deals with the relations between the force system acting on a body and the changes it produces in the body motion.

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3
Q

What is an Axis? What are the 3 axes?

A

A line around which rotary movement takes place or along which translation occurs. X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis

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4
Q

What is a plane? What are the 3 planes?

A

A flat surface determined by the position ofthree points in space. Sagittal, Coronal, Transverse

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5
Q

What two motions occur in the sagittal plane? Which axis is this?

A

Flexion and extension; this is the x-axis

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6
Q

What two motions occur in the coronal plane? Which axis is this?

A

Lateral flexion, Abduction/Adduction; This is the Z-axis

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7
Q

What motions occur in the transverse plane? Which axis is this?

A

Rotation; this is the y-axis

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8
Q

What is out-of-plane motion?

A

Motion in which all points of a rigid body do not move in a single plane

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9
Q

What is plane motion?

A

Motion in which all points of a rigid body move parallel to a fixed plane (two dimensional movement).

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10
Q

What is an Instantaneous Axis of Rotation (IAR)?

A

It is basically a pivot point.

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11
Q

Where is IAR found?

A

Found at the intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors of
translation vectors A1 A2 and B, B2 of any two points A and B on the body.

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12
Q

What is a motion segment?

A

Smallest spinal segment exhibiting biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine. It consists of two adjacent vertebrae and their interconnecting
joints and soft tissues.

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13
Q

What is coupled motion?

A

The consistent association of one motion (translation or rotation) about one axis with another motion about a second axis.

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14
Q

What is an example of coupled motion?

A

Rotation and lateral flexion of the cervical spine

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15
Q

What are degrees of freedom? How many does the spine exhibit?

A

The number of ways in which a body can move. The spine exhibits 6 degrees of freedom

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16
Q

What is loose-packed?

A

The resting or “neutral” position of a joint,

when the capsule is most relaxed and the greatest amount of play is possible.

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17
Q

What is close-packed?

A

The position of a joint when the capsule and ligaments are maximally tightened and there is maximal contact between the articular surfaces.

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18
Q

What are the three structural joint classifications?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

19
Q

What is a fibrous joint? How much movement? Examples?

A

joint formed by fibrous connective tissue; little movement if any; sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis

20
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint? How much movement? Examples?

A

joint formed by cartilage; limited movement; synchondrosis and symphysis

21
Q

What is a synovial joint? How much movement?

A

Joints with articular cartilage, ligamentous joint capsule and synovial membrane and fluid; freely movable.

22
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Plane, Ginglymus (hinge), trochoid (pivot), Condyloid (condylar), ellipsoid, sellar (saddle), and Spheroid (ball and socket)

23
Q

What are the three functional joint classifications?

A

Synarthrosis (=fibrous), Amphiarthroses (=cartilagenous), Diarthroses (=synovial)

24
Q

What are the two kinesiologic joint classifications?

A

Simple ovoid (roundest=least specialized movement) and Complex ovoid (less round=more specialized movement)

25
Q

What are the two types of simple ovoid? Examples?

A

Unmodified- triaxial (ball and socket; shoulder), Modified- biaxial (ellipsoid; MP joints)

26
Q

What are the two types of complex ovoid? Examples?

A

Unmodified- biaxial (saddle; thumb joint), modified- uniaxial (hinge; elbow)

27
Q

What was MacConail’s main focus with joint motion?

A

The movement occurring at the joint surfaces

28
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

The study ofmovement occurring between two bones.

29
Q

What is a mechanical axis?

A

A line passing through the moving bone at the starting position of a movement. The mechanical axis passes through the center o f the opposing joint surface and is perpendicular to it.

30
Q

What is Spin?

A

Rotational movement arouud the

mechanical axis.

31
Q

Which joints allow pure spin?

A

Hip, shoulder and humeroulnar joint

32
Q

What is Swing?

A

Movement occurring between bones where the mechanical axis traces a path of a chord (straight line) or arc (curved line) on the opposing joint surface.

33
Q

What is pure spin?

A

When rotation occurs around a stationary mechanical axis. Possible ooly in:

34
Q

What is pure swing?

A

movement where the mechanical axis traces the path of a chord (straight line).
Mechanical Axis Movement on Opposing Joint Surface
Pure Spin
Impure Swing

35
Q

What is impure swing?

A

movement where the mechanical axis follows the path of an arc

36
Q

What are arthrokinematics?

A

Study of movements occurring between opposing joint

surfaces.

37
Q

What is roll?

A

Movement in which new equidistant points on one surface come into contact with new equidistant points on another surface.

38
Q

Where does roll occur?

A

Roll always occurs in the direction of
bone movement. Ifthe bone moves from
left to right, then roll is from left to right, ‘ ‘ like a tire rolling across the joint surface.

39
Q

What is slide?

A

Movement in which a single contact point on the moving surface contacts carious points on the opposing surface

40
Q

What is distraction?

A

Separation of joint surfaces

41
Q

What is Compression?

A

Approximation of join surfaces (coming together)

42
Q

When do roll and slide occur in the same direction?

A

I f a concave surface moves on a convex surface, roll and slide
occur in the same direction.

43
Q

When do roll and slide occur in opposite directions?

A

If a convex surface moves on a concave surface, roll and slide
occur in opposite directions.

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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