Arthrology Flashcards
Synarthrosis
immovable
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
diarthrosis
freely moveable
fibrous bone structure
bones fastened together by thin layers of fibrous C.T.
syndesmosis (fibrous)
bones joined by interosseous ligament (fibrous band)
amphiarthrosis
suture (fibrous)
only between skull bones
very short sutural ligament joins bones (fibrous band)
(synarthrosis)
gomphosis (fibrous)
between tooth root and bony socket
short periodontal ligaments join them
(synarthrosis)
cartilaginous bony structure
connection consists of hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous)
bones joined by plate of hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
(synarthrosis)
symphysis (cartilaginous)
articular surfaces covered in thin layer of hyaline cartilage attached to a pad of fibrocartilage
(amphiarthrosis)
synovial
space between articulating bones filled with synovial fluid
diarthrosis
synovial structure
articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
joint capsule surrounds joint
joint capsule composed of:
fibrous layer/membrane and a synovial membrane
fibrous layer/membrane
(capsular ligament) thick fibrous outer layer that runs with the periosteum
synovial membrane
thin inner membrane covering all non-cartilaginous surfaces
synovial membrane composed of:
fibrous layer: deep; collagen fibers and fibroblasts
cellular layer: superficial; synoviocytes, blood vessels, and collagen fibers
Macrophage-like cells (synovial membrane)
more superficial; phagocytic
fibroblast-like cells (synovial membrane)
deeper; produce hyaluronic acid
synovial cavity
interior of joint filled with synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous; gel like fluid made of hyaluronic acid and blood plasma (acts as a lubricant, provides cushion, and nutrients)
Articular disk/meniscus
fibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces (shock absorber and stabilizer)
Bursa
closed synovial fluid filled sac (cushion)
Ball and socket (spheroidal)
globular/spehroidal surface of one bone articulates with cup shape surface of another (typically shoulder and hip)
multiaxial
diarthroidal
condyloid (ellipsoidal)
convex oval shaped surface of one bone articulates with a concave elliptical surface of another bone (wrist joint, MP joints, and tarsals too)
biaxial
saddle (sellar)
both articulating surfaces have concave and convex regions; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another (trapezium and 1st metacarpal)
biaxail
gliding (arthrodial)
articulating surfaces are nearly flat
nonaxial
hinge (ginglymoidal)
convex cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with concave cylindrical surface of another
uniaxial
pivot (trochoidal)
cylindrical pin of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament
uniaxial
angular movement (synovial)
movements within a sagittal plane of the body
-flexion, extension, and hyperextension (ankle too)
movements in the coronal plane
-abduction and adduction
circular (synovial)
rotation: movement around in long axis
- supination and pronation at prox. radioulnar joint
circumduction: distal end moves in circle but prox. end remains fairly fixed
inversion
movement of foot medially
eversion
movement of foot laterally
dislocation
displacement of bone from joint
sprains
overstretching or tearing of ligamentous tissue
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease affecting synovial joints
inflammation of synovial membrane with abnormal joint secretions and eventual joint fusion
typically bilateral in hands and feet; genetic
osteoarthritis
degeneration of synovial joints through wear and tear
large-weight bearing joints, high use, or joints with previous trauma
late age onset
often a accessory bone at periphery of joint surfaces
