arthro class3 COPY

Question 1

articular form and function

Answer 1

Each articulation has its characteristic relationship between structure and function. When we understand this relationship we begin to understand the relationship between movement and structure. To describe human movement you need
a frame of reference that permits accurate and precise communication.
We can classify the synovial joints according to their anatomical structure and
functional properties. To demonstrate the basis for that classification, we will use
a simple model to

Question 2

dynamic motion

Answer 2

An articulation that does only gliding movements or that permits movement along
only one axis is usually known as uniaxial or mono-axial.
If movement can occur along two axes , the articulation is usually biaxial.
The most mobile joints permit a combination of angular movement and rotation.
These are said to be multi-axial or triaxia

Question 3

gliding

Answer 3

In gliding, two opposing surfaces slide past one another, as in possible
movement 1 (activity earlier). Gliding occurs between the surfaces of
articulating carpal bones and between tarsal bones. The movement can occur
in almost any direction, but the amount of movement is slight, and rotation is
generally prevented by the capsule and associated ligaments.

Question 4

angular motion

Answer 4

Examples of angular motion include flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, and circumduction. The descriptions of the movements are
based on reference to an individual in the anatomical position.
Flexion and Extension - occur in the sagittal plane
Abduction and Adduction - occur in the coronal/frontal plane
Circumduction - occurs in the oblique plane of reference, depending on the
angle we are referring to

Question 5

rotational movements

Answer 5

Described with reference to a figure in the anatomical position. Rotation of the
head may involve left rotation or right rotation. Limb rotation may be described
by reference to the longitudinal axis of the trunk. During medial rotation, also
known as internal rotation, the anterior surface of a limb turns toward the
long axis of the trunk. The reverse movement is called lateral rotation, or
external rotation.
The articulations between the radius and ulna permit the rotation of the distal
end of the radius across the anterior surface of the ulna. This rotation moves
the wrist and hand from palm-facing-front to palm-facing-back. This motion is
pronation. The opposing movement, in which the palm is turned anteriorly, is
supination.

Question 6

inversion

Answer 6

(in, into + vertere, to turn) is a twisting motion of the foot that turns the
sole inward. The opposite movement is called eversion, turning the sole of the
foot outward. (please note we will discuss the combined movements known as
pronation and supination of the foot in future levels at VCMT. These actions refer
to gait and they are more complex than simple inversion and eversion).

Question 7

dorsiflexion

Answer 7

is flexion of the ankle, as when you dig in your heel. Plantar flexion (planta, sole), the opposite movement, extends the ankle and elevates the
heel, as when you stand on tiptoe.

Question 8

opposition

Answer 8

is a special movement of the thumb that involves the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. Opposition permits you to grasp
and hold an object with your thumb and palm.

Question 9

protraction

Answer 9

involves moving a part of the body anteriorly in transverse plane.
You protract your scapula when you hunch forward at your desk with shoulders
rolled forward. Retraction is the reverse movement, drawing the scapulae back
together.

Question 10

protusion

Answer 10

refers to jutting your MANDIBLE forward at the JAW. Retrusion refers to
tucking your chin and drawing your mandible back.

Question 11

elevation and depression

Answer 11

occur when a structure moves in a superior or inferior direction, respectively. You depress your mandible when you open your mouth;
Rotational movements
Described with reference to a figure in the anatomical position. Rotation of the
head may involve left rotation or right rotation. Limb rotation may be described
by reference to the longitudinal axis of the trunk. During medial rotation, also
known as internal rotation, the anterior surface of a limb turns toward the
long axis of the trunk. The reverse movement is called lateral rotation, or
external rotation.
The articulations between the radius and ulna permit the rotation of the distal
end of the radius across the anterior surface of the ulna. This rotation moves
the wrist and hand from palm-facing-front to palm-facing-back. This motion is
pronation. The opposing movement, in which the palm is turned anteriorly, is
supination.
Vancouver College of Massage Therapy- Arthrology 100

you elevate it as you close it. Another familiar elevation occurs when you shrug
your shoulders.

Question 12

lateral flexion

Answer 12

occurs when your vertebral column or head bends to the side.

This movement is most pronounced in the cervical and thoracic regions

Question 13

synovial joints

Answer 13

Synovial joints permit a wide range of motion. A synovial joint is surrounded by
a fibrous articular capsule and a synovial membrane lines the articular cavity.
These joints are typically found at the ends of long bones, such as those of the
upper and lower limbs.

Question 14

gliding jonts

Answer 14

also called planar joints, have flattened or slightly curved
faces. The relatively flat articular surfaces slide across one another, but the
amount of movement is very slight. Although rotation is theoretically possible
at such a joint, ligaments usually prevent or restrict such movement. Gliding
joints are found between the carpal bones, between the tarsal bones, and
between the articular facets of adjacent spinal vertebrae

Question 15

hinge

Answer 15

permit angular movement in a single plane, like the opening
and closing of a door. A hinge joint is a monaxial joint. Examples include the
joints of the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints.

Question 16

pivot

Answer 16

permit only rotation. A pivot joint between the atlas and axis
allows you to rotate your head to either side. Between the head of the radius
and the proximal shaft of the ulna pronation and supination of the palm is
permitted.

Question 17

ellipsoidal

SHALLOW

Answer 17

In an ellipsoidal joint or condyloid joint, an oval articular
face nestles within a depression in the opposing surface. With such an
arrangement, angular motion occurs in two planes, along or across the length
of the oval. It is thus a biaxial joint. Any form of angular movement, including
circumduction, is permitted but rotation cannot occur. Ellipsoidal joints connect
the radius with the proximal carpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers and
toes with the metacarpal bones and metatarsal bones, respectively.

Question 18

saddle joints

MORE CONCAVE CONVEX

Answer 18

Saddle joints or sellaris joints have articular faces that
resemble saddles. Each face is concave on one axis and convex on the other,
and the opposing faces nest together. This arrangement permits angular
motion, including circumduction, but prevents rotation. Saddle joints are
usually considered to be biaxial. The CARPOMETACARPAL joint at the base of the
thumb is the best example of a saddle joint, and twiddling your thumbs will
demonstrate the possible movements.

Question 19

ball and socket

Answer 19

In a ball-and-socket joint the round head of one
bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another. All combinations of
angular and rotational movements, including circumduction and rotation, can
be performed at ball-and-socket joints. These are triaxial joints. Examples
include the shoulder and hip joints.

Question 20

factors that stabilize joints

Answer 20

A joint cannot be both highly mobile and very strong. The greater the range of
motion at a joint, the weaker it becomes. A synarthrosis, the strongest type of
joint, permits no movement, whereas a diarthrosis such as the shoulder permits a
broad range of movements. Any mobile diarthrosis can be injured by movement
beyond its normal range of motion.
Several factors are responsible for limiting the range of motion, stabilizing the
joint, and reducing the chance of injury:
• Joint capsule and its collagen fibers • Accessory, extracapsular, or intracapsular ligaments • The shapes of the articulating surfaces, which may prevent movement in
specific directions (for example the shape of the elbow joint)
• The presence of other bones, skeletal muscles, or fat pads around the
joint (for example the patellar bursae)
• Tension in tendons attached to the articulating bones: when a skeletal
muscle contracts and pulls on a tendon, movement in a specific direction
may be either encouraged or opposed

Question 21

kinetic chain

Answer 21

The term “kinetic chain” is used to describe how you are moving your body so that we can develop types of exercises for rehabilitation purposes for our clients
using these movement patterns.

Question 22

open kinetic chain

DISTAL END IS FREE TO MOVE

Answer 22

The proximal end is fixed while the distal end is loose/open.
As a basic generalization, open kinetic chain exercises are less complex than
closed kinetic chain exercises.
For example: bicep curls, dumbbell lateral raises, tricep extensions, and overhead press with dumbbells/barbell.

Question 23

closed kinetic chain

DISTAL END IS FIXED

Answer 23

The distal end is fixed; Exercises performed where the
hand (for arm movement) or foot (for leg movement) is fixed with the contact surface (the ground or a machine) and cannot moved. Resistance is provided back
into your trunk. The body parts that the resistance moves through make up the
components of the kinetic chain. The exerciser uses their own body weight and/
or external weight.
For example: pushups, squats, lunges and chin ups.
You will learn more of this principle when you begin to develop rehabilitative exercises

Question 24

palpation

Answer 24

informed consent
laymen and anotmical terms
dynamic palpation
biomechanics
switch up bodies
skin on skin is ideal

Question 25

not a true joint

Answer 25

Scapulothoracic Joint (not a true synovial articulation)
Like none other in the body, this joint has no direct articulation, but uniaxial
movement occurs due to the rotation of the scapula just posterior to the thoracic
ribs. Together with the glenohumeral joint, complete abduction occurs as a result
of the 2:1 ratio of glenohumeral: scapulothoracic movement. The initial 120˚ occurs at the glenohumeral joint as the humerus is “raised”, the remaining 60˚ at
the scapulothoracic joint as the scapula “swings”.