Arthology 100 Flashcards
Arthology
The scientific study of joints
A joint definition
A joint is a point of articulation between two or more bones where such a
connection allows motion.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis (homeo=same; stasis= standing still) is
defined as balance and harmony within the body. It is
the condition created when each cell in the body
functions in an internal environment which remains
within certain physiological limits.
Homeostasis of the joint 1, 2, 3
Homeostasis is achieved when:
(1) the body has the proper amounts of gases,
nutrients, ions, and water;
(2) maintains the optimal internal temperature and;
(3) has an optimal volume for the health of the cells. When homeostasis is disturbed, health may be affected
- FUNCTIONAL
The degree of movement at the joint
Synarthrosis
(syn, together + arthros, joint). IMMOVABLE
synarthrosis may be fibrous or cartilaginous
Amphiarthrosis
(amphi, on both sides) SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE may be fibrous or cartilaginous,
Diarthrosis
(dia, through). FREELY MOVEABLE
All diarthrosis joints are also synovial joints. All synovial joints have a joint cavity.
5 function of joints
- Allows for physical M-ovement and agility
- Provides structure and S-tability to the form of the skeleton
- acts as a point for A-bsorption and transferring compressive forces/ shock
- Provides a S-pace for allowing circulation of nutrients and other fluids to the articulating cartilages of bones
- Provides a point of L-everage for the function of muscles
M - ovement A- absorption S- stability S- space (allowing circulation) L- leverage
- STRUCTURAL
composition of joint does it have a connective tissue fibres cartilage synovial
1) Fibrous joints
- suture- skull
- syndesmosis- distal tibiofibular jt
- gomphosis- teeth
2) Cartilaginous joints
- synCHONDRosis- 1st sternocostal jt.
2. symphisis- pubic symphosis or
3) Synovial joints
Diarthrotic
the most moveable joints in the body. These joints possess a joint cavity (synovial cavity with synovial fluid).
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
Intracapsular ligament
found inside the capsule, help prevent extreme movements that might otherwise damage the joint.
Extracapsular ligament
found outside the joint capsule, help provide additional support to the wall of the joint
sprain
a ligament is stretched/ injured to the point at which some of the collagen fibers are torn and disrupted.
Intracapsular ligament
found inside the capsule, help prevent extreme movements that might otherwise damage the joint
extracapsular ligament
found outside the joint capsule, help provide additional support to the wall of the joint
tendons
attach muscle to bone
tendons passing across or around a joint may limit the range of motion and pro-vide mechanical support. For example, tendons associated with the muscles of the arm provide much of the bracing for the shoulder joint. Injury to a muscle is called a strain.
articular discs/menisci
are fibrocartilage pads. They stabilize the joint by improving the fit be-tween articulating surfaces while contributing to joint movement and shock ab-sorption. A meniscus
Fat pads
are localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. They are commonly superficial to a joint capsule. Fat pads protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint. When the bones move, the fat pads fill in the spaces created as the joint cavity changes shape.
Bursae
are small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. They contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane. Bursae may be connected to the joint cavity or may be completely separate from it. They form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues. Their function is to reduce friction and act as a shock ab-sorber. Bursae are found around most synovial joints, such as the shoulder joint (sub acromial bursa)
Nerves and blood supply
Bones and joints are living structures. Nerves that supply a joint are the same as those that supply the skeletal muscles that move the joint. Numerous arteries and veins supply the joints and surrounding structures. Joints also have specialized types of sensors referred to as joint receptors /mechanoreceptors and/or proprio-ceptors. They provide information about where our body is in space so the nerv-ous system can properly coordinate the muscular contractions and movement patterns for stability.
anatomical position
The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the ana-tomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremi-ties are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor. Lying face up = supine, lying face down = prone
regional names
Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference.
Examples of regional names include cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), brachial (arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head), and gluteal (buttock) as seen in Figure 1.5
directional terms
Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to an-other and to reduce length of explanations. Commonly used directional terms in-clude terms such as anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral, medial, proximal, distal, dorsal and ventral
loose pack
Joint capsule in relaxed position
closed pack
Maximally tensed, joint ends touching
joint space cavity
Space in the joint between two bones
joint inflammation
Inflammation swelling of tissue around joint
angular movement
Changing of angle between the bones of a joint
OSTEOKINEmatic movement
The way a BONE moves around the axis of a joint
flextion/extension/add/abd
ARTHROKINEmatic movement
movement of JOIN surfaces
dislocation
When the bone slips out of a joint
subluxation
Partial dislocation slight misalignment
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
open kinetic chain
distal segment of extremity is free to move around
closed kinetic chain
distal segment of extremity meets resistance and cannot move freely
each joint has two classifications
- function
2. structure
