Arthology 100

Question 1

Arthology

Answer 1

The scientific study of joints

Question 2

A joint definition

Answer 2

A joint is a point of articulation between two or more bones where such a
connection allows motion.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Homeostasis (homeo=same; stasis= standing still) is
defined as balance and harmony within the body. It is
the condition created when each cell in the body
functions in an internal environment which remains
within certain physiological limits.

Question 4

Homeostasis of the joint 1, 2, 3

Answer 4

Homeostasis is achieved when:
(1) the body has the proper amounts of gases,
nutrients, ions, and water;
(2) maintains the optimal internal temperature and;
(3) has an optimal volume for the health of the cells. When homeostasis is disturbed, health may be affected

Question 5

1. FUNCTIONAL

Answer 5

The degree of movement at the joint

Question 6

Synarthrosis

Answer 6

(syn, together + arthros, joint). IMMOVABLE

synarthrosis may be fibrous or cartilaginous

Question 7

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 7

(amphi, on both sides) SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE may be fibrous or cartilaginous,

Question 8

Diarthrosis

Answer 8

(dia, through). FREELY MOVEABLE

All diarthrosis joints are also synovial joints. All synovial joints have a joint cavity.

Question 9

5 function of joints

Answer 9

1. Allows for physical M-ovement and agility
2. Provides structure and S-tability to the form of the skeleton
3. acts as a point for A-bsorption and transferring compressive forces/ shock
4. Provides a S-pace for allowing circulation of nutrients and other fluids to the articulating cartilages of bones
5. Provides a point of L-everage for the function of muscles

M - ovement
A- absorption
S- stability
S- space (allowing circulation)
L- leverage

Question 10

2. STRUCTURAL

Answer 10

composition of joint does it have a connective tissue fibres cartilage synovial

Question 11

1) Fibrous joints

Answer 11

1. suture- skull
2. syndesmosis- distal tibiofibular jt
3. gomphosis- teeth

Question 12

2) Cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

1. synCHONDRosis- 1st sternocostal jt.

2. symphisis- pubic symphosis or

Question 13

3) Synovial joints

Answer 13

Diarthrotic

the most moveable joints in the body. These joints possess a joint cavity (synovial cavity with synovial fluid).

Question 14

Ligaments

Answer 14

attach bone to bone

Question 15

Intracapsular ligament

Answer 15

found inside the capsule, help prevent extreme movements that might otherwise damage the joint.

Question 16

Extracapsular ligament

Answer 16

found outside the joint capsule, help provide additional support to the wall of the joint

Question 17

sprain

Answer 17

a ligament is stretched/ injured to the point at which some of the collagen fibers are torn and disrupted.

Question 18

Intracapsular ligament

Answer 18

found inside the capsule, help prevent extreme movements that might otherwise damage the joint

Question 19

extracapsular ligament

Answer 19

found outside the joint capsule, help provide additional support to the wall of the joint

Question 20

tendons

Answer 20

attach muscle to bone
tendons passing across or around a joint may limit the range of motion and pro-vide mechanical support. For example, tendons associated with the muscles of the arm provide much of the bracing for the shoulder joint. Injury to a muscle is called a strain.

Question 21

articular discs/menisci

Answer 21

are fibrocartilage pads. They stabilize the joint by improving the fit be-tween articulating surfaces while contributing to joint movement and shock ab-sorption. A meniscus

Question 22

Fat pads

Answer 22

are localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane. They are commonly superficial to a joint capsule. Fat pads protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint. When the bones move, the fat pads fill in the spaces created as the joint cavity changes shape.

Question 23

Bursae

Answer 23

are small, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue. They contain synovial fluid and are lined by a synovial membrane. Bursae may be connected to the joint cavity or may be completely separate from it. They form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues. Their function is to reduce friction and act as a shock ab-sorber. Bursae are found around most synovial joints, such as the shoulder joint (sub acromial bursa)

Question 24

Nerves and blood supply

Answer 24

Bones and joints are living structures. Nerves that supply a joint are the same as those that supply the skeletal muscles that move the joint. Numerous arteries and veins supply the joints and surrounding structures. Joints also have specialized types of sensors referred to as joint receptors /mechanoreceptors and/or proprio-ceptors. They provide information about where our body is in space so the nerv-ous system can properly coordinate the muscular contractions and movement patterns for stability.

Question 25

anatomical position

Answer 25

The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the ana-tomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremi-ties are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor. Lying face up = supine, lying face down = prone

Question 26

regional names

Answer 26

Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference.
Examples of regional names include cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), brachial (arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head), and gluteal (buttock) as seen in Figure 1.5

Question 27

directional terms

Answer 27

Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to an-other and to reduce length of explanations. Commonly used directional terms in-clude terms such as anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral, medial, proximal, distal, dorsal and ventral

Question 28

loose pack

Answer 28

Joint capsule in relaxed position

Question 29

closed pack

Answer 29

Maximally tensed, joint ends touching

Question 30

joint space cavity

Answer 30

Space in the joint between two bones

Question 31

joint inflammation

Answer 31

Inflammation swelling of tissue around joint

Question 32

angular movement

Answer 32

Changing of angle between the bones of a joint

Question 33

OSTEOKINEmatic movement

Answer 33

The way a BONE moves around the axis of a joint

flextion/extension/add/abd

Question 34

ARTHROKINEmatic movement

Answer 34

movement of JOIN surfaces

Question 35

dislocation

Answer 35

When the bone slips out of a joint

Question 36

subluxation

Answer 36

Partial dislocation slight misalignment

Question 37

arthritis

Answer 37

inflammation of a joint

Question 38

open kinetic chain

Answer 38

distal segment of extremity is free to move around

Question 39

closed kinetic chain

Answer 39

distal segment of extremity meets resistance and cannot move freely

Question 40

each joint has two classifications

Answer 40

1. function

2. structure