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Pathophysiology: Cardiovascular system > Arterial Vascular Disorders > Flashcards

Arterial Vascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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2
Q

Is hypertension common?

A

Yes, about 1/3 adults have it and 1/3 of them are undiagnosed.

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3
Q

Who has a higher incidence rate: males or females?

A

Males do up until the age of 55

After menopause, women exceed men.

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4
Q

What is prehypertension and how common is it?

A

It is being at the higher end of the normal range. About 1/3 of the population has this.

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5
Q

Which race has the highest incidence in the USA?

A

African Americans, an early onset is common

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6
Q

What is the nickname of hypertension

A

The Silent Killer

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7
Q

Is hypertension acute or insidious, what are the signs?

A

It is insidious, there are mild to no signs

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8
Q

What are the three types of hypertension?

A
  1. Primary Hypertension
  2. Secondary Hypertension
  3. Malignant or resistant hypertension
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9
Q

What is qualifies primary or essential hypertension?

A
  1. Blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mm Hg
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10
Q

Where is vasoconstriction increased during primary or essential hypertension?

A

Increased in arteriolar vasoconstriction

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11
Q

What happens if the Kidneys sense a decreased blood flow?

A

The renin-angiotensin pathway is activated

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12
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin pathway result in?

A

A further increase of blood pressure

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13
Q

Over long periods of time, hypertension can cause (3).

A

Damage to arterial walls.
Aneurysms to form
Blood supply to an involved area may be reduced causing ischemia and necrosis of the tissues leading to loss of function.

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14
Q

What are the 4 areas most frequently damaged by hypertension?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Heart
  3. Brain
  4. Retina
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15
Q

What are the 4 areas most frequently damaged by hypertension?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Heart
  3. Brain
  4. Retina
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16
Q

What causes secondary hypertension?

A

It results from renal or endocrine disease or pheochromocytoma (a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla)

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17
Q

How do you treat secondary hypertension?

A

By fixing the underlying problem you will reduce the blood pressure.

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18
Q

How is Malignant or resistant hypertension categorized?

A

It is uncontrollable, severe, and rapidly progressive form of hypertension. It has many complications.
Diastolic pressure is extremely high.

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19
Q

Name the 6 predisposing factors of hypertension.

A
  1. Incidence increases with age
  2. Men are affected more frequently and more severely
  3. Incidence in women increases after middle age
  4. Genetic Factors
  5. Intake: Sodium intake, excessive alcohol intake, excessive food intake (obesity), smoking,
  6. Prolonged or recurrent stress
20
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension?
Are there always symptoms of hypertension?
What is the primary sign?

A
  1. Frequently it is asymptomatic in the beginning
  2. Initials signs are vague and nonspecific: Fatigue, malaise, occipital headaches
  3. Consistently elevated blood pressure under various conditions is the primary sign
21
Q

How is Essential hypertension treated?

A

In steps

22
Q

What are the steps to treating essential hypertension?

A
  1. Lifestyle changes
  2. Reduction of sodium intake
  3. Weight reduction
  4. Reduction of stress
  5. Drugs
23
Q

What types of drugs are used for primary hypertension?

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. ACE inhibitors
  3. Combinations of drugs
24
Q

Define Artherosclerosis

A

A disease of the arteries characterized by plaques of fatty material on their inner walls

25
Q

Where do the abnormalities lie in peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

A

They are any abnormalities in arteries or veins that are found outside the heart

26
Q

Which disease is found to have an increased comorbidity with peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

A

Diabetes

27
Q

What are the most common sites for peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Abdominal aorta
  2. Carotid arteries
  3. The femoral and iliac arteries
28
Q

What diagnostic tests are performed for peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Doppler studies and arteriography: used to assess blood flow
  2. Plethysmography: measures the size of limbs and blood volume in organs or tissues
29
Q

What are the common clinical manifestations of peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Increasing fatigue and weakness in the legs
  2. Intermittent claudication
  3. Sensory Impairment: tingling, burning, numbness
  4. Peripheral pulses distal to occlusion become weak
  5. Appearance of skin on the feet and legs changes
30
Q

Define claudication
What is it associated with (when it comes to peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis)?
What is it caused by (when it comes to peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis)?

A
  • Leg pain
  • It is associated with exercise
  • It is caused by muscle ischemia
31
Q

During peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis, how does the appearance of the skin on the feet and legs change?

A
  1. Marked by pallor or cyanosis
  2. Skin dry and hairless
  3. Toenails are thick and hard
32
Q

What are treatments for peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

  • What must be maintained (2)
  • What must be reduced (2)
  • What must be stopped (if applicable to the patient)(1)
  • What must be increased (2)
  • What drugs are used (3)
  • What must be watched for (1)
  • What is required if gangrene develops (1)
A
  • Maintain: control of blood glucose level and dependent position for legs (this improves arterial perfusion)
  • Reduce: BMI (body mass index) and serum cholesterol level
  • Stop: Smoking
  • Increase: Activity and exercise
  • Drugs: Platelet inhibitors, anticoagulants, peripheral vasodilators
  • Watched for: Observe skin breakdown and treat promptly
  • Gangrene: amputation
33
Q

Define perfusion

A

flow of blood

34
Q

What happens to the arterial walls during an aortic aneurysm?

A

Localized dilation and weakening of the arterial walls

35
Q

Where do aortic aneurysms develop from?

A

A defect in the medial layer

36
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of aortic aneurysms?

A
  1. Saccular
  2. Fusiform
  3. Dissecting aneurysm
37
Q

Define a Saccular aortic aneurysm

A

Bulging wall on the side

38
Q

Define a Fusiform aortic aneurysm

A

Circumferential dilation along a section of artery

39
Q

Define a Dissecting aortic aneurysm

A

Develops when there is a tear in the intima of the wall and continues to dissect or separate tissues

40
Q

What is the etiology of aortic aneurysms? (4)

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Trauma
  3. Syphilis and other infections
  4. Congenital defects
41
Q

Are there any sounds associated with aortic aneurysms?

A

Bruit which is heard on auscultation

42
Q

When doing an exam on a patient, where might one feel a clinical manifestation of an aortic aneurysm?

A

Upon palpation of the abdomen, a pulse may be felt.

43
Q

When do symptoms/signs usually appear for aortic aneurysms?

A

Frequently they are asymptomatic until they become large and rupture.

44
Q

What may the rupturing of and aortic aneurysm cause?

A

May lead to moderate bleeding but usually causes severe hemorrhage and death.

45
Q

Name 4 diagnostic tests that can be performed for aortic aneurysms.

A
  1. Radiography
  2. Ultrasound
  3. CT scanning
  4. MRI
46
Q

Name 4 treatments that can be done for aortic aneurysms

  • Maintain what (1)?
  • Prevent what (4)?
  • What procedure may be needed (1)?
A
  • Maintain: BP (blood pressure) at a normal level
  • Prevent: sudden BP elevations caused by exertion, stress, coughing, and constipation
  • Surgical repair

Pathophysiology: Cardiovascular system (5 decks)

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