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Ultrasound Vascular Technology > Arterial Testing (signs, symptoms, disease mechanisms) > Flashcards

Arterial Testing (signs, symptoms, disease mechanisms) Flashcards

1
Q

Pain is ________ to disease or occlusion

A

distal

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2
Q

When does pain occur with claudication?

A

during exercise (activity); subsides with rest

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3
Q

Claudication results with:

A

inadequate supply to muscle

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4
Q

What happens with discomfort with claudication?

A

predictable and subsides within minutes after exercise (activity)

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5
Q

Where is the level of disease compared to location of symptoms?

A

proximal

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6
Q

What does pseudo-claudication mimic?

A

vascular symptoms but is neurogenic or orthopedic in origin.

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7
Q

Ischemia rest pain occurs when:

A

limp not dependent; decreased (such as when sleeping).

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8
Q

What areas does ischemia rest pain affect?

A

forefoot, heel, toes

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9
Q

Ischemia rest pain is a more severe symptom of:

A

diminished blood flow

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10
Q

Tissue loss is due to:

A

deficient or absent blood supply

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11
Q

Tissue loss is also called:

A

necrosis

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12
Q

Acute arterial occlusion symptoms include:

A

The 6 P’s

Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Polar

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13
Q

Acute arterial occlusion may result from:

A

thrombus, embolism or trauma

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14
Q

Why is an acute arterial occlusion an emergency situation?

A

because abrupt onset does not provide for the development of collateral channels

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15
Q

What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A

a condition that exists when symptoms of intermittent digital ischemia occur in response to cold exposure or emotional stress

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16
Q

What are the 3 changes in skin color?

A

Pallor (white)
Cyanosis (bluish)
Rubor (dark red)

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17
Q

What is primary raunauds?

A

Ischemia due to digital arterial spasm

-benign, excellent prognosis

healthy vessel

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18
Q

Primary raynauds is common in:

A

young women

may be hereditary, bilateral; history of symptoms for 2 years without progression/evidence of cause.

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19
Q

Secondary Raynaud’s is also known as:

A

obstructive Raynaud’s syndrome

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20
Q

What is secondary raynaud’s?

A

Normal vasoconstriction responses of arterioles superimposed on a FIXED artery obstruction. Ischemia constantly present.

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21
Q

What may be the first manifestation of Buerger’s disease?

A

Secondary Raynaud’s

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22
Q

What is also referred to as Buereg’s disease?

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans

or

Presenile gangrene vessels of hands & feet blocked

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23
Q

What does pallor suggest?

A

deficient blood supply; skin pale

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24
Q

What does rubor suggest?

A

dilated vessels or vessels dilated secondary to reactive hyperemia; skin is reddened

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25
Q

What does cyanosis suggest?

A

a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin, causes bluish discoloration

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26
Q

Lesions are quite painful compared to:

A

venous ulcers

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27
Q

What is gangrene?

A

Death of tissue; usually due to deficient or absent blood supply

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28
Q

What is capillary filling?

A

An increase in the capillary refill time denotes decreased arterial perfusion

29
Q

What is dependent rubor?

A

Cadaveric pallor during elevation with rubrous red discoloration with dependency

30
Q

How do you grade pulses?

A

scale of 0 (none) - 4+ (bounding)

31
Q

Aneurysms can be palpated and described as ________.

A

bounding

32
Q

Palpable “vibrations” or “thrill” over pulse site may indicate:

A

a fistula, post-stenotic turbulence, or a patent dialysis access site

33
Q

Are the peroneals palpable?

A

no

34
Q

The aorta, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis (DPA), posterior tibial (PTA) are considered:

A

palpable pulses

35
Q

What is an auscultation?

A

Bruit

36
Q

Risk factors of diabetes:

A
  • Atherosclerosis: most common; younger age
  • Higher incidence of disease: distal pop. tibial arteries
  • Medial calcification develops in LE arteries
  • Neuropothy
37
Q

Risk factors of diabetes:

A
  • Atherosclerosis: most common; younger age
  • Higher incidence of disease: distal pop. tibial arteries
  • Medial calcification develops in LE arteries
  • Neuropathy
  • Higher incidence of gangrene change, amputations
38
Q

Risk factors of hypertension:

A
  • Unclear whether high blood pressure is a causative factor or enhances the development of the atherosclerotic process
  • Systemic hypertension is associated with greater incidence of coronary atherosclerosis. Increased BP taxes heart.
39
Q

Risk factors of hyperlipidemia:

A
  • Elevated plasma lipids closely associated with development of atherosclerosis
  • Frequent cause: diet high in animal fat; metabolic problems associated with heredity
40
Q

Risk factors of smoking:

A

Studies suggest the chemicals in cigarettes irritate the endothelial lining of the vessels, causing vasoconstriction.

41
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

thickening, hardening, loss of elasticity of the artery wall

plaque buildup

42
Q

What is the most common arterial pathology?

A

Atherosclerosis

43
Q

Where do changes occur with atherosclerosis?

A

intima and media layer of the vessel

44
Q

Major risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Smoking
Hyperlipidemia
Family hx

Less important: hypertension, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle and arterial wall shear/stress

45
Q

Most common sites for atherosclerosis changes?

A

Carotid bifurcation
Vessel origin
Infra-renal aorto-iliac system
CFA artery
SFA at the adductor canal level*
Trifucation region

46
Q

What is Leriche Syndrome?

A

aortoiliac occlusive disease

47
Q

Leriche Syndrome is caused by:

A

obstruction of the aorta; occurs in males

48
Q

Leriche Syndrome is characterized by:

A
  • Fatigue in hips, thighs, or calves with exercise
  • Absence of femoral pulses
  • Impotence
  • Often times, pallor and coldness of LE
49
Q

Embolisms are characterized by:

A

solid, liquid or gaseous; may arise from the body or enter from without

50
Q

Most frequent causes of embolisms:

A

small plaque break loose and travel distally until it lodges in small vessels

51
Q

What is a true aneurysm?

A

dilatation of all three arterial wall layers

52
Q

What is a fusiform aneurysm?

A

diffuse, circumferential dilatation

53
Q

What is a saccular aneurysm?

A

localized out-pouching

54
Q

When do dissecting aneurysms occur?

A

when a small tear of the inner wall allows blood to form cavity between two wall layers

55
Q

Where does a dissecting aneurysms occur?

A

thoracic aorta

56
Q

Pseudoaneurysm results from:

A

a defect in main artery wall

57
Q

Most common location of a true aneurysm:

A

infrarenal aorta

other locations: thoracic aorta, femoral, popliteal, renal

58
Q

Patients with one aneurysm have higher incidence of:

A

having more (2)

59
Q

Most frequent complication of aneurysms:

A

Aortic - rupture
Peripheral aneurysm - emolization

60
Q

Most frequent complication of aneurysms:

A

Aortic - rupture
Peripheral aneurysm - emolization

both can accumulate thrombus

61
Q

What is arteritis?

A

inflammation of the blood vessels

62
Q

Arteritis is associated with:

A

Heavy cigarette smoking

63
Q

Arteritis primarily occurs in:

A

men < 40 years

64
Q

What presents with arteritis?

A

rest pain and ischemic ulceration present

65
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

PEDS

congenital narrowing or stricture of thoracic aorta; but may affect abdominal aorta

66
Q

Clinical findings with coarctation of the aorta?

A

PEDS

  • Hypertension due to decreased kidney perfusion
  • Manifestations of LE ischemia (decreased pulses/segmental pressures)
67
Q

What aneurysm does the intima develop a tear through which blood leaks into the lumen?

A

dissection

68
Q

Aortic dissection can occur due to:

A

hypertension or severe chest trauma

69
Q

Aortic dissection can extend into what?

A

iliacs

Ultrasound Vascular Technology (12 decks)

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