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Ultrasound Vascular Technology > Arterial Testing (signs, symptoms, disease mechanisms) > Flashcards

Arterial Testing (signs, symptoms, disease mechanisms) Flashcards

1
Q

Pain is ________ to disease or occlusion

A

distal

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2
Q

When does pain occur with claudication?

A

during exercise (activity); subsides with rest

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3
Q

Claudication results with:

A

inadequate supply to muscle

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4
Q

What happens with discomfort with claudication?

A

predictable and subsides within minutes after exercise (activity)

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5
Q

Where is the level of disease compared to location of symptoms?

A

proximal

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6
Q

What does pseudo-claudication mimic?

A

vascular symptoms but is neurogenic or orthopedic in origin.

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7
Q

Ischemia rest pain occurs when:

A

limp not dependent; decreased (such as when sleeping).

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8
Q

What areas does ischemia rest pain affect?

A

forefoot, heel, toes

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9
Q

Ischemia rest pain is a more severe symptom of:

A

diminished blood flow

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10
Q

Tissue loss is due to:

A

deficient or absent blood supply

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11
Q

Tissue loss is also called:

A

necrosis

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12
Q

Acute arterial occlusion symptoms include:

A

The 6 P’s

Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Polar

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13
Q

Acute arterial occlusion may result from:

A

thrombus, embolism or trauma

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14
Q

Why is an acute arterial occlusion an emergency situation?

A

because abrupt onset does not provide for the development of collateral channels

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15
Q

What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A

a condition that exists when symptoms of intermittent digital ischemia occur in response to cold exposure or emotional stress

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16
Q

What are the 3 changes in skin color?

A

Pallor (white)
Cyanosis (bluish)
Rubor (dark red)

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17
Q

What is primary raunauds?

A

Ischemia due to digital arterial spasm

-benign, excellent prognosis

healthy vessel

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18
Q

Primary raynauds is common in:

A

young women

may be hereditary, bilateral; history of symptoms for 2 years without progression/evidence of cause.

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19
Q

Secondary Raynaud’s is also known as:

A

obstructive Raynaud’s syndrome

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20
Q

What is secondary raynaud’s?

A

Normal vasoconstriction responses of arterioles superimposed on a FIXED artery obstruction. Ischemia constantly present.

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21
Q

What may be the first manifestation of Buerger’s disease?

A

Secondary Raynaud’s

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22
Q

What is also referred to as Buereg’s disease?

A

Thromboangiitis obliterans

or

Presenile gangrene vessels of hands & feet blocked

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23
Q

What does pallor suggest?

A

deficient blood supply; skin pale

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24
Q

What does rubor suggest?

A

dilated vessels or vessels dilated secondary to reactive hyperemia; skin is reddened

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25
What does cyanosis suggest?
a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin, causes bluish discoloration
26
Lesions are quite painful compared to:
venous ulcers
27
What is gangrene?
Death of tissue; usually due to deficient or absent blood supply
28
What is capillary filling?
An increase in the capillary refill time denotes decreased arterial perfusion
29
What is dependent rubor?
Cadaveric pallor during elevation with rubrous red discoloration with dependency
30
How do you grade pulses?
scale of 0 (none) - 4+ (bounding)
31
Aneurysms can be palpated and described as ________.
bounding
32
Palpable "vibrations" or "thrill" over pulse site may indicate:
a fistula, post-stenotic turbulence, or a patent dialysis access site
33
Are the peroneals palpable?
no
34
The aorta, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis (DPA), posterior tibial (PTA) are considered:
palpable pulses
35
What is an auscultation?
Bruit
36
Risk factors of diabetes:
- Atherosclerosis: most common; younger age - Higher incidence of disease: distal pop. tibial arteries - Medial calcification develops in LE arteries - Neuropothy
37
Risk factors of diabetes:
- Atherosclerosis: most common; younger age - Higher incidence of disease: distal pop. tibial arteries - Medial calcification develops in LE arteries - Neuropathy - Higher incidence of gangrene change, amputations
38
Risk factors of hypertension:
- Unclear whether high blood pressure is a causative factor or enhances the development of the atherosclerotic process - Systemic hypertension is associated with greater incidence of coronary atherosclerosis. Increased BP taxes heart.
39
Risk factors of hyperlipidemia:
- Elevated plasma lipids closely associated with development of atherosclerosis - Frequent cause: diet high in animal fat; metabolic problems associated with heredity
40
Risk factors of smoking:
Studies suggest the chemicals in cigarettes irritate the endothelial lining of the vessels, causing vasoconstriction.
41
What is atherosclerosis?
thickening, hardening, loss of elasticity of the artery wall *plaque buildup*
42
What is the most common arterial pathology?
Atherosclerosis
43
Where do changes occur with atherosclerosis?
intima and media layer of the vessel
44
Major risk factors of atherosclerosis?
Smoking Hyperlipidemia Family hx Less important: hypertension, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle and arterial wall shear/stress
45
Most common sites for atherosclerosis changes?
Carotid bifurcation Vessel origin Infra-renal aorto-iliac system CFA artery SFA at the adductor canal level* Trifucation region
46
What is Leriche Syndrome?
aortoiliac occlusive disease
47
Leriche Syndrome is caused by:
obstruction of the aorta; occurs in males
48
Leriche Syndrome is characterized by:
- Fatigue in hips, thighs, or calves with exercise - Absence of femoral pulses - Impotence - Often times, pallor and coldness of LE
49
Embolisms are characterized by:
solid, liquid or gaseous; may arise from the body or enter from without
50
Most frequent causes of embolisms:
small plaque break loose and travel distally until it lodges in small vessels
51
What is a true aneurysm?
dilatation of all three arterial wall layers
52
What is a fusiform aneurysm?
diffuse, circumferential dilatation
53
What is a saccular aneurysm?
localized out-pouching
54
When do dissecting aneurysms occur?
when a small tear of the inner wall allows blood to form cavity between two wall layers
55
Where does a dissecting aneurysms occur?
thoracic aorta
56
Pseudoaneurysm results from:
a defect in main artery wall
57
Most common location of a true aneurysm:
infrarenal aorta other locations: thoracic aorta, femoral, popliteal, renal
58
Patients with one aneurysm have higher incidence of:
having more (2)
59
Most frequent complication of aneurysms:
Aortic - rupture Peripheral aneurysm - emolization
60
Most frequent complication of aneurysms:
Aortic - rupture Peripheral aneurysm - emolization both can accumulate thrombus
61
What is arteritis?
inflammation of the blood vessels
62
Arteritis is associated with:
Heavy cigarette smoking
63
Arteritis primarily occurs in:
men < 40 years
64
What presents with arteritis?
rest pain and ischemic ulceration present
65
What is coarctation of the aorta?
PEDS congenital narrowing or stricture of thoracic aorta; but may affect abdominal aorta
66
Clinical findings with coarctation of the aorta?
PEDS - Hypertension due to decreased kidney perfusion - Manifestations of LE ischemia (decreased pulses/segmental pressures)
67
What aneurysm does the intima develop a tear through which blood leaks into the lumen?
dissection
68
Aortic dissection can occur due to:
hypertension or severe chest trauma
69
Aortic dissection can extend into what?
iliacs

Ultrasound Vascular Technology (12 decks)

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