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Vascular > Arterial LE > Flashcards

Arterial LE Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal aorta bifurcates to common iliac arteries at _________

A

L4

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2
Q

CIA bif into internal and external Iliac arteries at ________

A

Lumbosacral junction

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3
Q

External iliac artery becomes common femoral artery at ________

A

Inguinal ligament

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4
Q

Internal iliac artery is aka

A

Hypogastric artery

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5
Q

CFA bifurcates into FA and DFA/profunda

FA passes through _______ and becomes pop artery

A

Adductor canal aka hunters canal

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6
Q

Pop artery bifurcates into

A

ATA and tibioperoneal trunk

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7
Q

Tibioperoneal trunk aka trifurcation becomes

A

PTA and Peroneal artery

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8
Q

First branch of distal pop artery

A

ATA

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9
Q

ATA passed through __________ and runs along anterior deep aspect of leg.

ATA becomes DPA

A

Interosseous membrane

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10
Q

2 branches of DPA

A

Dorsal metatarsal

Deep plantar artery

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11
Q

PTA divides into ________ and _______ to feed soles of feet.

A

Medial plantar artery

Lateral plantar artery

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12
Q

Lateral plantar artery unites with _______ to complete plantar arch

A

Deep plantar artery

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13
Q

LE arterial Doppler indications

A

Claudication. (Pain in calf, posterior thigh, or butt after walking)

Decreased pulses (femoral, popliteal, pedal)

Cold feet (acute)

Gangrene/necrosis (toes)

Dependent rubor (reddish pigment of leg dependent positioning. When hanging legs off chair)

Prior history of PAD

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14
Q

Falsely elevated pressures due to calcified vessels in patients with ________

A

Diabetes

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15
Q

Doppler waveform acquisition

A

4-8MHz Doppler pencil probe.
45-60 degrees
Avoid signal interference of venous flow by compressing thigh above or have patient take a breath in

Acquire waveforms at prox FA, distal FA, Pop A, PTA, DPA

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16
Q

Multiphasic = triphasic

Atypical = biphasic (abnl in legs, normal in arms)

Monophasic

A

:)

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17
Q

Plethysmography

A

Evaluates volume changes that occur during cardiac cycle.

Used pulse volume recordings PVRs aka VPRs

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18
Q

Evaluation of volume changes in toes is accomplished by

A

Photo plethysmography

Uses a photo emitting diadoid to detect absorption of light by the digit

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19
Q

PVRs

A

LE PVRs are done by the use of BP cuffs. 4 cuff method.
Cuffs are inflated 60-80mmhg. Patient must be still. Doppler taken below cuff once inflated.

PVRs are not affected by calcified arteries

PVRs can differentiate between collateral and true vessel.

PVRs can differentiate profunda and FA

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20
Q

4 cuff method

A

Ankle, below knee, above knee, and high thigh.

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21
Q

Segmental pressures

A

4 cuff method.

3 cuff method used in people with short legs bc don’t want cuffs overlapping or at knees. But cannot differentiate aortic inflow disease from FA disease because only 1 cuff at thigh.

Systolic pressure increases distally.

Width of cuff should be 20% greater than limb diameter.

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22
Q

If cuff is too large,

A

BP falsely decreased.

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23
Q

If cuff too small

A

BP falsely elevated

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24
Q

If BP cuff put on too loose

A

Can falsely increase blood pressure

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25
Q

ABI

A

Highest PTA or DPA unilaterally divided by Highest bilateral brachial pressure

Don’t take arm pressure in patient with a fistula, dialysis graft, or mastectomy.

26
Q

ABI values

A 
Normal: 0.9-1.3
Mild PAD: 0.8-0.9
Moderate: 0.5-0.8 Claudication
Severe: <0.5 Rest Pain
Critical: <0.3

Diabetic calcified vessel: >1.3 false. Incompressible

27
Q

Toe pressures. When ankle pressures are too high and inaccurate

A

> or = 0.8 : no significant PAD
0.2-0.5 : claudication
<0.2 : rest pain

28
Q

Photoethysmography PPG

A

Diodoes attached to each toe and taped or clipped in place. Pt needs to hold still.

Can also be combined with toe pressure cuffs. Evaluates perfusion in toes prior to foot amputation.

Shows blood volume changes in digits.

29
Q

Exercise

True vs pseudo claudication.

A

Treadmill speed 1.5-2mph
< or = 12% elevation

Post exercise ABI obtained at 2-3 minute intervals until pressure returns to pre exercise level. Normally pressures increase slightly or remain the same. Abnormally they will decrease.

Contraindications: short of breath, cardiac instability, poor ambulation, critical resting ischemia ABI < 0.3

If contraindicated, do toe raises.

30
Q

Reactive hyperemeia

A

Temporary increase in blood flow to an area after a period of arterial occlusion.

Used when patients can’t walk or exercise to increase extremity blood flow and vasodilation.

Thigh cuff:
20-30mmHg above brachial pressure
Occlude blood flow 3-5 minutes : causes ischemia and vasodilation distal to cuff.
After releasing air in cuff, ankle pressure will usually drop 20-30% and should return to baseline after 1 minute.
Ankle pressure measured 30 sec intervals for 3-6 minutes or until ankle pressure return to normal level.
If patient has <50% drop in pressure, then they have single level disease. If multi level disease, then there’s a >50% drop in pressure.

31
Q

Stenosis velocities

Ratio = Max PSV at stenosis / PSV prox to stenosis.

Ratio 2:1 = 50% stenosis

A

Normal: <150 cm/s ratio: <1.5:1

30-49% stenosis 150-200cm/s 1.5-2:1

50-75% stenosis 200-400 cm/s 2-4:1

> 75% stenosis >400 cm/s >4:1

Occlusion no flow

32
Q

Claudication

A

Walk 1/2 mile and get leg pain. Relieved by rest.

33
Q

Rest pain

A

Severe pain, wakes you up while sleeping. Due to critical ischemia in their legs. Pain lessens when hang or dangle legs off side of bed. Or dependent rubor.

34
Q

Dependent rubor

A

Pain only relieved by hydrostatic pressure and putting legs down by side of bed.

35
Q

Acute limb ischemia

A

Sudden arterial obstruction that threatens limb viability.
Most likely to occur if no collaterals are developed.
6 P’s:

36
Q

Skin changes

A 
Color: pallor, rubor, cyanosis
Temperature should be warm. 
Thickened nails 
Scaly skin
Loss of hair 
Ulcers

Palparían and auscultation of pulses

37
Q

Venous vs arterial vs neurotrophic ulcers.

A

Venous: located in gaiter area between ankle and calf. Venous insufficiency. Irregular borders. Granulating base. Over medial malleolus. More common type. Prone to infection. Can be present with associated cellulitis.

Arterial: well defined borders. Arterial insufficiency. Small deep lesions. Necrotic base. MC distal to trauma site and pressure areas (the heel). Cold limbs. Reduced pulse.

Neuropathic: painless ulcers over areas of abdominal pressure. Often secondary to joint deformities in diabetics. Also patients with B12 deficiency. Due to peripheral neuropathy. Loss of protective sensation leading to repetitive stress and unnoticed injuries forming.

38
Q

Ischemic ulcers

A

Arterial. Located near pressure points. Toe, heel, and dorsum of foot. Painful.

39
Q

Neurotrophic ulcers

A

Diabetic. On some of foot or under callus. Painless.

40
Q

Stasis ulcer.

A

Venous. Located in gaiter zone. Mild pain.

41
Q

Gangrene.

A

Tissue death. Black.

42
Q

Risks

A 
Diabetes 
HTN 
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Age
Family history
Male
Atherosclerosis
43
Q

6 P’s

A

Associated with acute arterial occlusion.

  • Pain
  • Pallor
  • Pulselessness
  • Paresthesia: numbness. Tingling. Prickling.
  • Paralysis: complete loss of strength. (Poor prognosis)
  • Poikilothermia: inability to maintain constant core temp.
44
Q

Acute limb ischemia causes

A
  • Thrombosis: atherosclerosis, thrombosis embolism.
  • Embolic (thrombus breaks off and heads to the feet)
  • Trauma
  • Aortic/arterial dissection
  • Popliteal entrapment: rare. Pop artery follows abnormal course below knee and is trapped by gastruc nemus muscle during plantar flexation.
  • Popliteal adventitial cyst: cystic swelling of arterial wall. Results in claudication due to artery compression. Young patients.
45
Q

Popliteal entrapment syndrome.

A

Pop artery is trapped/compressed by gastruc nemius muscle during plantar flexation. Young athletes.

46
Q

Popliteal adventitial cyst aka cystic adventitial disease

A

Fluid accumulates in artery wall causing narrowing or occlusion. Pop artery MC affected. Results in claudication due to artery compression. Males 40-50 years old.

Symptoms: claudication, bruit

47
Q

Nutcracker syndrome

A

Left Renal vein entrapment between SMA and Aorta.

48
Q

Median arcuate ligament syndrome

A

Compression or proximal part of celiac trunk by median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm during expiration.

49
Q

SMA syndrome aka Wooky syndrome

A

3rd part of duodenum is compressed by abdominal aorta and the SMA.

50
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Compression is nerves, subclavian, or axillary artery.

51
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Caused by swelling or pressure within an enclosed space in body such as leg, arm, or abdomen. Due to bleeding and swelling after injury. Or after surgery.
Pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure, decreasing perfusion and blood flow to tissue.
Nerves are most susceptible to ischemia.

Paresthesia, pain, weakness of muscle, tension of compartment, late stage will have loss of pulses.

Treat by fasciotomy. To relieve tension/pressure.

52
Q

Diffuse plaque

A

Long segment
<50% diameter reduction
Velocities not increased.

53
Q

Recannulization

A

Occluded vessel may resume flow distal to occlusion with a collateral vessel. Flow may be retrograde.

54
Q

If there’s a CFA occlusion, you may see retrograde flow in

A

Profunda

55
Q

May see reversal flow in _______ to feed dorsalis pedis

A

PTA

56
Q

Tibial artery evaluation used for patients undergoing

A

Bypass surgery

57
Q

Arteriovenous fistula AVF

A

Abnormal communication between high pressure artery and low pressure vein.

Trauma (heart cath) (1 connection)
Congenital (numerous connections)

Blood shunts from arterial to venous. Size important in development of CHF and or limb ischemia.

Arterial has inc flow prox to avf
Venous has increased vel and pulsatility prox to AVF

Within fistula elevated peak and end diastolic vel assoc with spectral broadening. Can be bidirectional and or turbulent.

Speckle appearance in fistula

Distal to AVF it can vary but BP will reduce distally.

58
Q

Pseudoaneurysm (false aneurysm FA)

A

Pulsating hematoma with active communication to artery

Hole in arterial wall

Blood pocket is contained by adj tissue

Caused by trauma usually a catheter from angiography or endovascular procedure or dialysis.

To and Fro at neck/track of pseudoaneurysm. Yin yang

Treatment:
May spontaneously thrombus, manual compression, thrombin injection, surgery

59
Q

FA compression for closure aka Fem Stop

A

Size and location of FA are important. Location determines if candidate for US guided compression or does patient need surgery. Will need to completely compress the neck between native artery and pseudoaneurysm.

Contraindication:
Pt on anticoagulant
Inability to compress FA tract
Multiple channels

60
Q

FA thrombin injection under US guidance

A 
Contraindication:
allergy to thrombin/bovine materials
Ischemia of overlying skin
Groin infection 
Distal limb ischemia 
Wide or short FA tract
61
Q

FA surgery

A

When fem stop or thrombin injection is not an option

When neck cannot be compressed or when FA too large to close by compression. Or if thrombin injection is too risky for patient.

62
Q

AVM vs AVF

A

AVM: congenital, multiple connections artery to vein

Avf: abnormal connection artery and vein due to trauma.

Vascular (21 decks)

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