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Cardiovascular 2 > Arterial HTN > Flashcards

Arterial HTN Flashcards

1
Q

This is the most common type of HTN, where the cause of the elevated BP is unknown, as it’s usually attributable to diverse etiologies.

A

Essential HTN

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2
Q

This the type of HTN where the cause of the elevated BP is due to a definable cause

A

Secondary HTN

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3
Q

What is the equation to calculate BP (2 values)?

A

BP = CO*TPR

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4
Q

Does angiotensin II, catecholamines, a1 receptors, endothelin, oxygen, and hematocrit increase or decrease TPR?

A

Increase

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5
Q

Does B2 receptors, NO, H, and prostaglandins increase or decrease TPR?

A

decrease

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6
Q

This the phenomenon when an increase in BP leads to an increased urine volume and Na+ excretion, which then lowers the BP to normal.

A

Pressure natriuresis

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7
Q

This is the stage of blood pressure when the systolic is <80

A

normal

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8
Q

This is the stage of blood pressure when the systolic is 120-139 and the diastolic is 80-89

A

Prehypertension

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9
Q

This is the stage of blood pressure when the systolic is 140-159 and the diastolic is 90-99

A

Stage 1 HTN

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10
Q

This is the stage of blood pressure when the systolic is >160 and the diastolic is >100

A

Stage 2 HTN

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11
Q

Which ANS pathway can cause essential HTN?

A

SANS

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12
Q

Increased SANS, certain hormones, and ion channel defects can cause what with blood vessels to cause essential HTN?

A

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What are the 2 problems with the kidney that can cause essential HTN?

A
  1. ion channel defect
  2. inappropriate hormone regulation

all to increase salt and water retnetion

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14
Q

In young adults, is systolic or diastolic HTN more common?

A

diastolic

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15
Q

What is high in young adults to cause HTN (mainly)?

A

Cardiac output

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16
Q

In the elderly, is systolic or diastolic HTN more common?

A

Systolic

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17
Q

Why is systolic HTN more common in the elderly? What causes this?

A

Increase in TPR –> LV hypertrophy

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18
Q

This is the most common cause of HTN, age of onset is 20-50, family Hx of HTN, normal serum K+ and urinalysis.

A

Essential HTN

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19
Q

Which factor is elevated in urinalysis with HTN from chronic renal disease?

A

Creatinine

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20
Q

Primary aldosteronism will cause a decrease in which ion, which u can use as a marker, for HTN?

A

K+

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21
Q

This is the cause of HTN where there are abdominal bruits, a sudden onset, and a decreased serum K+

A

Renovascular

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22
Q

This is the cause of HTN where there is paroxysms of palpitations, diaphoresis, headache, weight loss, and episodic HTN.

A

Pheochromocytoma

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23
Q

This is the cause of HTN when the BP in the arms is > legs or the R arm is > the left atm.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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24
Q

This is the cause of HTN associated with central obesity and hirsutism.

A

Cushing syndrome

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25
Q

What does oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, cyclosporine, and sympathomimertic drugs act on to cause secondary HTN?

A

Renin-angotensin system

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26
Q

How does erythopoietin (EPO) cause secondary HTN?

A

increases blood viscosity

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27
Q

What does NSAIDs do to the kidney to cause secondary HTN?

A

Na and water retention

28
Q

Which ANS pathway does ethanol and cocaine act on to cause secondary HTN?

A

SANS

29
Q

Why do damaged nephrons cause secondary HTN?

A

unable to secrete normal amts of Na and water

30
Q

Which 3 conditions cause secondary HTN by causing the kidney to release renin?

A

arteriosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, and coarctation of the aorta

31
Q

This is the condition where there is an adrenal adenoma or bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal gland to cause hyperaldosteronemia and low renin levels.

A

Primary aldosteronism

32
Q

This is the generic rearrangement in which the aldosterone synthesis abnormally comes under the regulatory control of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA)

33
Q

This is the condition where there is increased angiotensin II production from a rare renin-secreting tumor, women taking oral contraceptives, or impaired AGII degredation in liver diseases.

A

Secondary aldosteronism

34
Q

Glucocorticoids can stimulate which system to cause HTN?

A

renin angiotensin system

35
Q

Which thyroid abnormality (hyper or hypothyroidism) can cause disastolic HTN by increasing TPR by SANS and adrenal activation?

A

Hypothyroidism

36
Q

How can hyperthyroidism cause HTN?

A

cardiac hyperactivity with an increase in blood volume

37
Q

We keep talking about this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), but we need to figure it out. Where is renin secreted from?

A

juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole of the Kidney

38
Q

Renin acts like an enzyme to cause angiotensinogen to be converted to what?

A

Angiotensin I

39
Q

Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE

40
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II on the arterial smooth muscle?

A

vasoconstriction

41
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II on the adrenal gland?

A

increase aldosterone

42
Q

How does aldosterone cause HTN?

A

increases renal Na+ reabsoption

43
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II on the SANS?

A

facilitates release of NE

44
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II on the kidney?

A

increase renal tubular Na+ reabsorption

45
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II on the brain?

A

Stimulates thirst and vasopressin secretion

46
Q

What is the role of angiotensin II on the heart?

A

Enhances contractility and ventricular hypertrophy

47
Q

In what way does low BP cause renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole?

A

decrease in renal perfusion Pressure

48
Q

Which ion is the main factor in maintaining fluid levels?

A

Na+

49
Q

This type of arteriolosclerosis shows homogenous, pink hyaline thickening with associated luminal narrowing.

A

Hyaline artiolosclerosis

50
Q

How does HTN cause hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

plasma protein leakage across injured endothelial cells

51
Q

This type of arteriolosclerosis shows onion skin lesions and fibrinoid necrosis

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

52
Q

How much does HTN increase your risks for cardiovascular disease for each 20/10mmHg increase?

A

Doubles it per increase

53
Q

Elevated belly fat, high triglyceride levels, low HDL, HTN, and elevated fasting glucose all contribute to what syndrome?

A

Metabolic syndrome

54
Q

Intake of what ion causes HTN?

A

Sodium

55
Q

What % of HTN pts are salt-sensitive?

A

50-60%

56
Q

Low levels of what ion in the blood stimulates renin secretion, leading to HTN?

A

K+

57
Q

What food can u eat to maintain normal K levels?

A

Fruits and veggies and meats and milk and my anus

58
Q

Why do physicians recommend some dairy and milk for HTN pts? What ion are they looking at, which helps maintain normal BP?

A

Ca++

59
Q

This substance directly increases arterial pressure and can contirbute to stroke upon intake.

A

Alcohol

60
Q

People with what condition have a 2-6 fold increase of risk of developing HTN by increasing salt-sensitivity?

A

Obesity

61
Q

Taking this at least once a week could cut the chances in half of dying suddenly from heart failure due to an atherosclerotic thrombus.

A

Omega-3 FA’s

62
Q

In what 2 ways does omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of thrombus formation?

A
  1. inhibit blood platelet aggregation and clot formation

2. prevent plaque formation in coronary arteries

63
Q

Which vitamin controls the production of proteins that are involved in blood clot formation?

A

vitamin K

64
Q

Potassium keeps what ion in the bone, thus preventing the buildup in the arteries and therefore arterial calcification?

A

Ca++

65
Q

The inadequate intake of folate, B12, B6, or riboflavin can cause impaired metabolism of what susbtance, which is an important cardiovascular risk factor?

A

Homocysteine

66
Q

Elevated homocysteine levels can cause the increase in which vascular mediator?

A

NO

Cardiovascular 2 (6 decks)

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