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Pathology > Arterial Blood Gases > Flashcards

Arterial Blood Gases Flashcards

1
Q

what can you get from your ABGs?

A
  • pH
  • PaCO2
  • PaO2
  • HCO3
  • base excess
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2
Q

normal pH on ABG

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

normal PaCO2

A

35-45mmHg

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4
Q

normal PaO2

A

80-100mmHg

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5
Q

normal HCO3-

A

22-26mEq/L

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6
Q

normal base excess

A

-2 to +2mmol/l

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7
Q

what are the rates of oxygen flow in nasal cannulae?

A
  • 1L/min - 24%
  • 2L/min - 28%
  • 3L/min - 32%
  • 4L/min - 36%
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8
Q

types of oxygen delivery devices

A
  • nasal cannulae
  • venturi masks
  • simple oxygen masks
  • non-rebreather mask
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9
Q

when can you say that a patient is hypoxaemic?

A

when the patient’s PaO2 is below 10kPa, below 8kPa, they are in respiratory failure

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10
Q

features of type 1 respiratory failure

A
  • hypoxaemia

- normocapnia

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11
Q

features of type 2 respiratory failure

A
  • hypoxaemia

- hypercapnia

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12
Q

why does type 1 respiratory failure occur?

A

ventilation/perfusion mismatch

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13
Q

why does type 2 respiratory failure occur?

A

alveolar hypoventilation

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14
Q

causes of hypoventilation

A
  • increased resistance due to airway obstruction
  • reduced compliance of the lung tissue/chest wall
  • reduced strength of the respiratory muscles
  • drugs acting on the respiratory centre reducing overall ventilation
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15
Q

what happens if the pH drops and CO2 levels increase?

A

respiratory acidosis

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16
Q

what condition causes

  • a drop in pH
  • inc in CO2
  • inc in HCO3-
A

respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

17
Q

what condition causes:

  • an inc in pH
  • a drop in CO2
A

respiratory alkalosis

18
Q

what condition causes:

  • an inc in pH
  • a drop in CO2
  • a drop in HCO3
A

respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation

19
Q

what is the base excess?

A

another surrogate marker of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

20
Q

what does a high base excess entail?

A

an abnormally high HCO3- in the blood

21
Q

what does a low base excess entail?

A

a low HCO3- in the blood

22
Q

what types of compensation can happen?

A
  • respiratory

- metabolic

23
Q

how long would respiratory compensation take to kick in and do its work?

A

immediately by either increasing or decreasing alveolar ventilation to regulate the CO2 levels

24
Q

how long would metabolic compensation take to work?

A

a few days

25
Q

what would indicate that a person is suffering from a mixed acidosis/alkalosis?

A

the levels of CO2 and HCO3- would be going to opposite directions (i.e. CO2 increasing, HCO3 decreasing)

26
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A
  • respiratory depression
  • guillain-barre
  • asthma
  • COPD
  • iatrogenic
27
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A
  • anxiety
  • pain
  • hypoxia
  • pulmonary embolism
  • pneumothorax
  • iatrogenic
28
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A
  • increased acid production/acid ingestion

- decreased acid excretion/rate of GI and renal HCO3 loss

29
Q

lab characteristics of metabolic acidosis

A
  • low pH
  • low HCO3
  • low BE
30
Q

what is the normal anion gap range?

A

4-12mmol/L

31
Q

what conditions increase the anion gap?

A
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • lactic acidosis
  • aspirin overdose
32
Q

what decreases the anion gap?

A
  • gastrointestinal loss of HCO3-
  • renal tubular acidosis
  • Addison’s disease
33
Q

features of metabolic alkalosis on an ABG?

A
  • high pH
  • high HCO3-
  • high BE
34
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A
  • gastrointestinal loss of H+
  • renal loss of H+
  • iatrogenic
35
Q

which conditions cause metabolic alkalosis?

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • use of loop/thiazide diuretics
  • heart failure
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • cirrhosis
  • Conn’s syndrome
36
Q

features of a mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis

A
  • low pH
  • high CO2
  • low HCO3-
37
Q

causes of a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis

A
  • cardiac arrest

- multi-organ failure

38
Q

features of mixed respiratory and metabolic alkalosis

A
  • high pH
  • low CO2
  • high HCO3-
39
Q

causes of a mixed respiratory and metabolic alkalosis

A
  • liver cirrhosis in addition to diuretic use
  • hyperemesis gravidarum
  • excessive ventilation in COPD

Pathology (21 decks)

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