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Art Fundamentals Mid Term > Art over the course of history > Flashcards

Art over the course of history Flashcards

1
Q

Paleolithic

A

30,000-9,000 BCE

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2
Q

mesiolithic

A

the period in between paleolithic and neolithic

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3
Q

subject matter of paleolithic art

A

animals or fertile women

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4
Q

drawing

A

two dimensional, using lines to create a design.

It often is representative and conveys an imitation of a place or thing.

Done with dry media.

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5
Q

painting

A

two dimensional, can be represintative, abstract, or nonobjective.

a painting always focuses on forms, colors, and textures.

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6
Q

manner of representation of subject matter

A

what is being represented in the work of art

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7
Q

fertility images

A

scultpures that represented fertility usually had aspects of the women holding her stomach, having large hips, and sometimes holding symbolistic items like a bison horn to represent menstrual cycles.

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8
Q

cave painting: why and how

A

usually represented the animals they were hunting

where deep into the cave so they often had to carry a light and get materials that weren’t near where they were painting

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9
Q

free standing scultpture

A

a sculpture that is not designed to be attatched to the wall, you can see all sides of it.

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10
Q

relief sculpture

A

sculpture that projects in varying degrees from a two dimensional background

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11
Q

neolithic

A

8,000-2,000 BCE

occured earliest in Mesopotamia

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12
Q

henges

A

a circular area, often containing a circle of stones or sometimes wooden posts.

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13
Q

post and lintel

A

two upright members [columns, posts, piers] hold up a third member [lintel, beam, girder, rafter] laid horizontally across their top surfaces. This is the basis for the evolution of all openings.

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14
Q

mesopotamia

A

greek for “land between the rivers”

humans first used the plow and wheel, controlled floods, and built irrigation canals.

Earliest writing orinated here.

Earliest historical period.

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15
Q

royal cemetery at ur

A

19th century archaeologist LEonard Woolley excavated it in the 1920s, xcontained lavish 3rd millennium sumerian burials.

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16
Q

leonard woolley

A

British Archaeologist that uncovered the Royal Cemetery at Ur

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17
Q

sumerians

A

lived in the southern part of what is now iraq, between the tigris and euphrates rivers. earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern mesopotamia.

established the first large urban communities.

developed the earliest system of writing; cuneiform.

made up of a dozen or so “city-states” each under the protection of a different mesopotamian god.

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18
Q

cuneiform

A

the earliest known system of writing, originally developed to write the sumerian language in mesopotamia.

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19
Q

ziggurat

A

a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple.

Ziggurats could be visited by the common folk, but only high members of society and religion could enter the temple.

their gods lived in the sky, they wanted their temples to be closer so they could be reached easier.

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20
Q

temple/waiting rooms

A

simple one room structures usually built on ziggurats that was used for religious purpouses.

gods would descend and appear to sumerian sinside the temple complex, only communitie leaders could enter into the temple.

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21
Q

votice offering

A

an object that is displayed or deposited in a sacred place for religious purposes, the object is not intended to be recovered or used.

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22
Q

conceptual approach to figure representation

A

mesopotamia focused on ceneptual approach about to egypt focusing on figure representation.

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23
Q

namer

A

unified egypt by means of the conquest of lower egypt by upper egypt

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24
Q

polytheism

A

belief in multiple gods

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25
Q

how egyptians depicted their gods and kings in art

A

making them in the very center and larger than all the other figures

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26
Q

palette

A

carved siltsone, commonly used for crushing up coal to put under their eyes when working in the sun [makeup pallete] and used as ceremoniial tablets

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27
Q

hieroglyphs

A

egyptian form of writing using pictures “sacred carving”

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28
Q

composite pose

A

represents the body in an anatomically impossible twist

usually in egypt art

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29
Q

hierarchical composition

A

the use of size to make the important members larger and more easy to spot

ordering of the parts that make up a system

king/pharoah
members of court
priest and scribes
regional governers
generals of military
artisans and merchants
peasants and slaves

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30
Q

mastaba

A

rectangular superstructure of ancient egyptian tombs

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31
Q

stepped pyramid

A

architectural structure that uses flat platforms or steps receding from the ground

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32
Q

imhotep

A

architect that designed the stepped pyramid and mortuary precint of djoser

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33
Q

gizeh

A

where the great pyramids are located

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34
Q

components of pyramid complexes

A

pyramid temple- located next to the pyramid

valley temple- located further away from the pyramid

causeway- which is a large ramp or pathway that connects the two temples

mortuary temple- located nect to the pyramid

small pyramid- satellite pyramid

enclosure wall

courtyard

pavilion- located near the nile

burial chamber

offering hall

annexes

storage

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35
Q

sphinx

A

mythological creature with a lions and a human head

represents power, protection, and sacred life

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36
Q

ka

A

the spiritual part of an individual human being or god, which survived after death and would reside in the tomb or statue.

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37
Q

ka statute

A

intended to provide a resting place for the ka of the person after death

38
Q

valley of the kings

A

unlike the old kingdom kinds and nobles in the new kingdom buried their tombs deep in the cliffs west of the nile

39
Q

hatsheput

A

daughter of king thutmose I, became queen when she married her half-brother, thutmose II around the age of 12

when he died, she acted as a regent for her stepson, thitmose III, but later took on the full powers of a pharaoh, becoming co-ruler of egypt around 1473 bc.

Often represented herself as a man to the public and statues that represented her would be built like men.

40
Q

tutankhamen

A

was eight when he ascended the throne and became pharoah, the only intact tomb recovered.

41
Q

howard carter

A

british archaelologust that discovered the intact tomb of king tut after years of not finding anything within his career.

42
Q

permanence and continuity

A

greek art contrasts egyptian art by the desire to continually try to improve their efforts by changing their approach and style

43
Q

polytheism

A

the beliefs of many gods

44
Q

anthropomorphic

A

there gods were in human form andpossessed human weaknesses and emotions

45
Q

olympian gods

A

their gods lived ontop of mount olympus, the pantheon of gods was male-centered and patriarchal.

46
Q

sanctuaries

A

belief that gods chose these sites and were sacred to one or more god. The greeks enclosed them and built temples and other structures around them.

47
Q

kouros

A

a statue of a standing nude you that did not represent any one individual youth but the idea of youth itself.

48
Q

kore

A

a statue of a young woman usually used to mark graves or as a votive offering to the gods

49
Q

peplos

A

a rich outer robe or shawl worn by greek woman

50
Q

kritios boy

A

first example of contrapposto posture, or the standing human figure poised in such that the weight rests on one leg, while the other is bent.

51
Q

contrapposto pose

A

weight is resting on one leg, while the other is bent. the first greek sculpture that used this was the kritios boy.

52
Q

hollow bronze casting

A

around 460 bce the greeks started using hollow bronze scultptures instead of marble so it could be melted quickly if they needed to and could be made into weapons, it being easier to melt aloowed them to fix or repair them if they were damaged or out of date. It also was sturdier and didnt break as easy.

53
Q

polukleitos

A

the best known scultpor whos famous sculpture doryphoros [spear-bearer] was knwon throughout the ancient world because he created it to illustrate his treatise on the ideal form for a nude male athlete.

54
Q

doryphoros

A

spear-bearer, polykleitos famous work known as the sculpture for his work the canon on the ideal nude male athlete

55
Q

athens

A

capitol of atiica region and home to the panthegon

56
Q

greek architectural orders

A

doric, ionic, corinthian

57
Q

doric order

A

represents the transition from impermanent materials to permanent materials

58
Q

ionic order

A

known for its voluted capital, a curved echinis decorated with a horizontal band that scrolls under to either side

59
Q

search for perfection

A

the greeks focused on perfecting their scultpures to reflect the human body

60
Q

Waterworn Pebble

A

resembles a human face, Makapansgat South Africa 3,000,000 bce. jasperite

the first piece of art we discussed, focused on what we considered art.

art has to have human intervention, some argue that the waterworn pebble isnt considered art.

61
Q

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain

A

Photographed by Joseph Stieglitz 1917, changed what we considered art and what was “worthy” of the title art.

62
Q

James Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold

A

Art for arts sake, “flinging a pot of paint in the publics face” - john ruskin

changed the way we described art in the 1875

court hearing about john ruskins accusation that james whistler was swindling the public by selling this as art. only recieved a penny from it and caused him to eventually lose his money, but changed art and they way we viewed it forever.

63
Q

Jean-Michel Baquiat Untitled

A

1982, acrylic, spray paint, and oilstick on canvas, sold for $110.5 million

64
Q

Edmonia Lewis, Forever Free

A

1867, marble statue that signifies two recently released slaves praying to their god

65
Q

Eva Hesse, Untitled

A

latex, rope, string, and wire

signify her fight with cancer, her family and friends submitted this work after they found it after she passed away due to cancer

66
Q

Ai Weiwei, Remembrance

A

2009, germany, 9,000 backpacks to signify the students that died in the earthquake due to paid off architecture inspecters.

67
Q

Ai Weiwei, SACRED

A

a six part work composed of six dioramas in fiberglass and iron installed in the church of sant antonin venice italy

religious instilation

s[upper]
a[ccusers]
c[leansing]
r[itual]
e[ntrophy]
d[oubt]

68
Q

Bison, Altamira Cave Painting

A
69
Q

Nude Woman [Venus] from willendorf

A

willendorf austria 28000 bce limestone

represented fertility in women using large belly, breasts, women reporoductive syste,, large hips, and stayed vague with no head details

70
Q

Nude Woman holding bison horn

A

laussel bordogne france 25000 bce painted limestone relief sculpture

71
Q

Spotted horses and negative hand imprints

A

wall painting in the cave at pech-merle, lot france 22,000 bcethe first artwork that featured negative space in the design

72
Q

stonehenge

A

salisbury plain wiltshire england 2550 bce dont move

73
Q

standard of ur

A

royal cemetery, ur modern tell muqayyar, iraq, 2600 bce. wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone

had two sides for going into battle and coming home.

war side- featured sumerians fighting the battle and bringing the other army to their god for punishment

74
Q

statuettes of worshippers from square temple at eshunna

A

modern tell asmar iraq 2700 bce

gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone

freestanding

one of the earliest examples of sculptures

75
Q

palette of narmer

A

hierakonpolis egypt predynastic 3000 bce slate

originally palletes are used for crushing up coal to put under your eyes but this one was made as propaganda to tell show the unification of upper and lower egypt by narmer and to show how powerful he is

76
Q

great pyramids, gizeh

A

egypt dynasty IV

made up of three smaller pyramids
1. Menkaure 2490
2. Khafre 2520
3. Khufu 2551

77
Q

sphinx

A

in front of pyramid khafre, sandstone giant statue with the head of a pharoah and the body of a lion.

78
Q

khafre

A

from gizeh, dynasty IV 2520 bce diorite

this statue represented khafre who had made the second largest pyramid at giza

the sphinx sets in front of his pyramid and bears a resembelence to him.

79
Q

mortuary temple of hatshepsut

A

deir el-bahri egypt dynasty XVIII 1473 on the river of the nile, a place for her followers to worhsip her even after her death

80
Q

hatshepsut with offering jars

A

from the upper court of her mortuary temple dier el-bahri, egypt 1473 red granite

a place for the people to make offers to her

81
Q

innermost coffin of kind tut

A

from his tomb at thebes egypt dynasty XVIII 1323 bce gold inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones

82
Q

kouros

A

600 bce marble statue one of the first of greek art, represented a male nude figure and had art details that the egyptians used, this changed quickly in the future

83
Q

peplos kore

A

from the acropolis athens greece 530 bce marble

one of the first female statues from greek art

most of her body was designed to not show any of her legs or body, rectangular shape.

one of the first to have an arm reaching out instead of beside her body. it was broken off

reddish tint to her

84
Q

kritios boy

A

from the acropolis athens greece 480 bce marble, this showed evolution in greek art and a focus on their own style

they started targeting perfection and detail on the human body and movement, started working with appendeges moving out of the body, this is why alot of the statues have broken limbs off

85
Q

zeus [or poseidon] bronze statue

A

from the sea off cape artemision greece 460 bce bronze

an early example of the greeks starting to make their statues out of bronze instead of marble so they could easlily melt them down for emergency weapons, reusing the medium if it went out of style, and didn’t break as easily

they can’t tell if it is zeus or posieden because the trident or lighting bolt was taken out to be melted down for weapons

86
Q

polykleitos, doryphoros

A

spear-bearer, marble, pompeii italy 450 bce

originally bronze in greek art but it was recreated in marble from the romans

87
Q

aphrodite of knidos

A

roman marble copu after greek originial 350 bce

shows a nude women getting in the bath and derobing

one of the first statues to show a woman nude, before it was considered not socially acceptable to show a woman nude.

this statue also shows aphrodite getting on the human level as she is stepping down to our level

88
Q

Dry Media

A

pen, chalk, charcoal, pencil, ink, or markers.

89
Q

Wet Media

A

Paint, ink

90
Q

low relief

A

projection from a supporting background that is shallow

91
Q

high relief

A

generally more than half the mass of the sculpture projects from the background

Art Fundamentals Mid Term (3 decks)

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