Art FinalA Flashcards
The 4 Christian Artistic Periods are _____, Byzantine, Early Medieval, Romanesque, and Gothic Art.
Early Christian
The new monotheistic religion of _____ that grew out of Judaism during the Roman Imperial period adapted imagery and architectural forms from other religious cults and secular sources as its adherents sought ways to express and practice their religious beliefs in visual terms and in suitable architectural spaces.
Christianity
Under ____, Christianity became an imperial sponsored religion, and Christian themes have ever since been the subjects of many of the greatest works of Western art.
a. Caesar
b. Caligula
c. Constantine
c. Constantine
The conversion of the pagan world to Christianity was accompanied by the rejection of the classical style in sculpture and painting and the emergence of a new non-naturalistic, sacred aesthetic featuring wafer-thin, frontal figures and gold background.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The ___ were burial places beneath city streets, most notably in Rome.
catacombs
Catacomb paintings mixed Old and New Testament themes, including the fresco ____, in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy. During the Early Christian Period, Jonah was a popular subject because he was swallowed by a sea monster and emerged safely after three days, prefiguring Christ’s Resurrection.
a. Noble Shepherd, the story of Isaac, and the muses
b. Destitute Shepherd, the story of Abraham, and orants
c. Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah, and orants
c. Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah, and orants
Prior to Constantine, artists almost always depicted Christ either as ___ or as a young teacher.
a. Zeus
b. Sol Invictus
c. the young philosopher
d. the Good Shepherd
e. a judge
d. the Good Shepherd
After Constantine, artists almost always depicted Christ either as ____ or as a young teacher.
a. Zeus
b. Sol Invictus
c. the young philosopher
d. the Good Shepherd
e. a judge
b. Sol Invictus
Which of the following attributes did Christ assume after Christianity was officially recognized?
a. royal purple
b. the bearded face of a mature adult
c. throne
d. all of these answers
e. halo
d. all of these answers
Early Christians associated freestanding statues with the worship of false gods by the pagans, which mosaics played an important part in Early Christian buildings, advertising the new faith in all its diverse aspects.
a. True
b. False
a. True
In the mosaic Christ as the Good Shepherd, from the entrance wall of the ___, Ravenna, Italy, the figure of Jesus sits among his flock, haloed and robed in gold and purple.
a. none of these answers
b. Santa Sabina
c. Santa Costanza
d. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
e. Old St. Peter’s
d. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
The 4 periods of ___ art include: Early Byzantine Art (527-726), Iconoclasm (726-843), Middle Byzantine Art (843-1204), and Late Byzantine Art (1204-1453).
Byzantine
In 324, Constantine I founded the city Constantinople on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium to serve as the new capital of the Roman Empire. After the collapse of the empire in the west in the 5th century, Constantinople and the eastern portion of the empire continued to flourish artistically for another thousand years, until the 15th century when it was finally defeated and occupied by the Ottoman Turks.
a. True
b. False
True
The reign of ____ marked the end of the Late Roman Empire and the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.
a. San Vitale and San Apollinare
b. Justinian and Theodora
c. Saint Catherine
b. Justinian and Theodora
The meaning of the name of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople:
a. The Church of Holy Wisdom
b. The Church of Holy Divine
c. The Church of Sophia
a. The Church of Holy Wisdom
The dome at Hagia Sophia has been called the ____.
a. Altar of Heaven
b. Dome of Heaven
c. Pantheon
d. Dome of the Rock
e. iconstasis
b. Dome of Heaven
Although neither ___ ever visited Ravenna, the mosaics in San Vitale show them lining up with their entourage to take part in the Eucharist at that church, he is carrying the bread and she is carrying the wine.
a. Eva nor Juan Peron
b. Justinian nor Theodora
c. Julius Caesar nor Cleopatra
b. Justinian nor Theodora
The two mosaics in San Vitale, Ravenna, “Justinian and his attendants” and “Theodora and attendants” reveal the new ____ aesthetic. Justinian and also Theodora are foremost among the weightless and speechless frontal figures hovering before the viewer.
a. Byzantine
b. Roman
c. Orthodox
a. Byzantine
During the Byzantine Period ___ in worship were used because they were considered a personal, intimate medium for spiritual transaction with holy figures; sometimes they were ascribed with miracles and healing powers.
a. icons
b. iconoclasts
c. iconophiles
d. all of these answers
e. iconostasis
b. iconoclasts
“Christ as ____” in the dome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece represents Christ as ruler and judge of heaven and earth: the “Ruler of all”.
Pantokrator
Three hallmarks of the style of ____ are subtle linear play in drapery, intensely vivid, saturated, and pure color which defines the forms, and nearly identical figures that are distinguished only by their garment colors, as can be seen in the paintings “Old Testament Trinity.”
Andrei Rublyev
In the seventh and eighth centuries, ___ spread through the Near East, North Africa, and into parts of Southern Europe (notable, Spain).
Islam
Islam dates its beginning from the flight of ___ from Mecca in 622CE called the “Hegira”
a. Muhammad
b. Omar Khayyam
c. Kublai Kahn
a. Muhammad
Arab Scholars laid the foundations of arithmetic and algebra, and their contributions to astronomy, medicine, and the natural sciences have made a lasting impression in the Western world.
a. True
b. False
a. True
All mosques are oriented toward the city of ___.
a. Micha
b. Mecca
c. Michoacan
b. Mecca
The first great achievement of Islamic architecture is the
a. Taj Mahal
b. Great Mosque, Damascus
c. Great Mosuqe, Qairawan
d. Dome of the Rock
d. Dome of the Rock
Where is the Dome of the Rock located?
a. Qaurawan
b. Baghdad
c. Damascus
d. Cordoba
e. Jerusalem
e. Jerusalem
Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven from the ____.
a. Dome of Masjid-i Shah
b. Great Mosque, Damascus
c. Great Mosque, Qairawan
d. Dome of the Rock
e. Mosque of Selim II
d. Dome of the Rock
In Islamic architecture, decorative forms include stylized plant motifs and abstract geometrical shapes (arabesques) arranged in ornamental patterns. Characteristically, no animals or human figures appear in ornamental or pictorial spaces in sacred buildings. Muhammad believed that the imagery of animals or human figures was a distraction from the worshiper’s direct communication with Allah.
a. True
b. False
a. True
A mihrab is a/an ___.
a. a floor mosaic
b. ceremonial caftan
c. entryway to a mosque
d. niche in a qibla wall
d. niche in a qibla wall
Which European country contains the best examples of Islamic architecture?
a. Great Britain
b. Spain
c. France
d. Germany
e. Bulgaria
b. Spain
The ____, translates to “the red castle”, is a huge palace-fortress constructed of rose-colored stone on a rocky spur at Granada, built by the Nasrids. Its gardens were intended to conjure images of Paradise.
Alhambra
The Court of the Lions. Palace of the Lions, in ___ is distinctly Islamic in the use of the multi-lobed pointed arches and interweaving of Arabic calligraphy and abstract ornament in its stuccoed walls
a. the Selimiye Cami
b. the Dome of the Shah Mosque
c. the Masjid-i Shah
d. the Alhambra
d. the Alhambra
Early ___ art in Western Europe, which spans approximately 500 years from 500 to 1000, is a fusion of Celtic-Germanic culture, Christianity, and the Greco-Roman hertiage.
Medieval
Early Medieval art frequently includes ____.
a. abstracted zoomorphic and anthromorphic forms
b. complicated interlace patterns and abstracted zoomorphic and anthromorphic forms, but not ornament that amplifies the shape of the underlying object
c. complicated interlace patterns
d. complicated interlace patterns, abstracted zoomorphic and anthromorphic forms, and ornament that amplifies the shape of the underlying object
d. complicated interlace patterns, abstracted zoomorphic and anthromorphic forms, and ornament that amplifies the shape of the underlying object
The art of the warrior lords is characterized by ____.
a. the application of classical ideals and jewelry, weapons, and other status symbols, but not manuscripts and Roman-influenced buildings
b. jewelry, weapons, and other status symbols
c. the application of classical ideals, jewelry, weapons, and other status symbols, and manuscripts and Roman-influenced buildings
c. the application of classical ideals, jewelry, weapons, and other status symbols, and manuscripts and Roman-influenced buildings
The greatest achievement of Hiberno-Saxon art in the eyes of almost all modern observers is the ___. This book boasts an unprecedented number of full-page illuminations, including carpet pages, evangelist symbols, portrayals of the Virgin Mary and of Christ, New Testament narrative scenes, canon tables, and several instances of monumentalized and embellished words from the Bible.
Book of Kells
In the opening page to the Gospel of Saint Matthew in the Book of Kells, known as ___, the painter transformed the biblical text into abstract pattern, literally making God’s words beautiful.
a. Que Sera, Sera
b. Chi-rho-iota
c. Oom-pah-pah! Oom-pah-pah!
b. Chi-rho-iota
Following his coronation as the new Holy Roman Emperor in 800, ___ sought to revive Roman imperial art, culture, and political ideals, Carolingian art consciously emulated Roman models in sculptures and architecture, and sought to revive learning through the increased production of books.
Charlemagne
The Carolingian emperors sought to revive the glory and imagery of the ancient Roman Empire in the bronze Equestrian portrait of ___ or Charles the Bald.
a. Charlemagne
b. Charles V
c. Marcus Aurelius
a. Charlemagne
An important feature of the abbey church of Saint Michael’s at Hildesheim is its ___.
a. westwork and alternate support system, but not modular construction
b. alternate support system
c. westwork, alternate support system, and modular construction
c. westwork, alternate support system, and modular construction
___’s commissioned doors for Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim, vividly depict the story of Original Sin and ultimate redemption, and draws parallels between the Old and New testaments.
a. Charlmagne
b. Bishop Bernward
c. Odo Metz
d. Holy Roman Emperor Henry I
b. Bishop Bernward
Ottonian artists narrated religious stories using ___.
a. simple compositions
b. expressive figures, legible poses and gestures, and simple compositions
c. expressive figures and legible poses and gestures, but not simple compositions
d. legible poses and gestures
e. expressive figures
b. expressive figures, legible poses and gestures, and simple compositions
“Otto III Enthrones” from the “Gospel Book of Otto III” presents the emperor holding a scepter and cross-inscribed orb that represents his universal authority, dating back to the tradition of Constantine, and stylistically of the mosaic of Justinian in San Vitale.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The term ___ (meaning “Roman-like”) is used to designate a period lasting approximately 150 years, from 1050 to 1200, when buildings incorporated certain architectural elements that resemble ancient Roman architecture. While mural painting and manuscript illumination continued much as before, there is a resurgence of monumental stone sculpture.
Romanesque
The Romanesque Period is called “The age of ____.”
Pilgrimages
____ were the primary economic and conceptual catalyst for Romanesque art and architecture.
a. Clergy
b. Pilgrims
c. Abbeys
d. Kings
b. Pilgrims
In the Romanesque age, immense churches with stone vaults rose throughout Europe, didactic relief sculptures adorned church portals and cloisters, and the relics of saints were housed in gold and silver and enamel reliquaries.
a. True
b. False
a. True
One of the key factors during the Romanesque period was the ___.
a. Cult of the Saints
b. Cult of the Cults
c. Cult of the Secular
a. Cult of the Saints
The proliferation of stone sculpture in the Romanesque period may be attributed to the __.
a. desire to beautify the house of the Lord
b. need to educate illiterate laymen, desire to beautify the house of the Lord, and rediscovery of ancient Roman sculpting techniques
c. need to educate illiterate latymen
d. need to educate illiterate laymen and desire to beautify the house of the Lord, but not rediscovery of ancient Roman sculpting techniques
b. need to educate illiterate laymen, desire to beautify the house of the Lord, and rediscovery of ancient Roman sculpting techniques
What monastic order rejected the rich profusion of Romanesque decoration?
a. Cluniac
b. Franciscans
c. Cistercians
d. Carthusians
c. Cistercians
The depiction of the “Last Judgment” on the west tympanum of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, is unique and a rarity for the period because the artist ___ has signed his work.
a. Gislebertus
b. Grizzlybeartooth
c. Michaelangelo
d. Carthusian
a. Gislebertus
The artist ____’s “Last Judgment” on the west tympanum of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, depicts Christ presiding over the separation of the Blessed from the Damned, designed to terrify those guilty of sin and beckon them into the church.
Gislebertus
Between 1095 and 1190, Christians launched three great ___ (“taking the cross”) from France. They were mass armed pilgrimages whose stated purpose was to wrest the Christian shrines of the Holy Land from Muslim control.
a. Crucifixion
b. Crusades
c. Carthusians
b. Crusades
____ was known as the “Sybil of the Rhine”, and produced major works of theology musicology, and visionary writings.
a. Angelica Kauffmann
b. Hildegard of Bingen
c. Eva Braun
b. Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard of Bingen’s Scivias records ____.
a. the Moralia of Job
b. the life of Christ
c. her life in the abbey
d. her vision of divine order
e. the Pentateuch
d. her vision of diving order
The “Head Reliquary of Saint ___” holds the relics of Pope Alexander II.
Alexander
___ has been called the “most important monument of secular art of the Middle Ages.”
Bayeux Tapestry
Tradition attributed the “Bayeux Tapestry” to ___, wife of William the Conqueror, and her handmaidens; but it is now thought to be of somewhat later origin and possibly the work of English embroiders.
a. Queen Latifah
b. Queen Matilda
c. Queen Elizabeth
b. Queen Matilda
The Battle of Hastings showiung the Norman conquest of England was portrayed in the ___.
a. Eadwine Pslater
b. Chroniques de France
c. portal of St. -Etienne, Caen
d. Bayeux Tapestry
d. Bayeux Tapestry
The term ___ originated among historians who believed that the Goths were responsible for the style of the period.
Gothic
The Gothic age was a time of profound change in Europe. The Hundred Years’ War began, shattering peace between France and England. The Black Death swept over Western Europe and killed at least a quarter of its people. Opposing popes resided in Rome and in Avignon in southern France during the political-religious crisis known as the Great Schism.
a. True
b. False
a. True
If the chief iconographic theme of Romanesque sculpture had been damnation, the chief Gothic theme was ___.
Salvation
A Gothic ___ symbolized to its contemporaries “The City of God, the Heavenly Jerusalem”, which they were privileged to build on earth.
a. Cathedral
b. town hall
c. mausoleum
d. market
a. Cathedral
Using rib vaults with pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained-glass windows, French Gothic builders constructed towering cathedrals with statue-lined portals and interiors flooded with mystical multicolored light, which was considered as divine light.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The new spirit of the Gothic period that replaced the severity of Romanesque themes of judgment and damnation could be symbolized by the dedication of cathedrals to the ___. Her iconography can be seen in the Royal Portals of Chartres Cathedral, the earliest and most complete surviving Early Gothic sculptural complex.
Virgin Mary
Many Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to __.
a. Christ the Judge
b. St. John
c. the Virgin Mary
d. the Trinity
e. the Holy Spirit
c. the Virgin Mary
The use of flying buttresses in ___ cathedrals made possible the replacement of stone walls with immense stained-glass windows, which transformed natural sunlight into Abbot Suger’s divine “lux nova”, as seen in the Rose window and lancets, north transept, Chartres Cathedral, France.
a. Romanesque
b. Gothic
c. neither Romanesque nor Gothic
Gothic
As with early Christian art, the Gothics adopted a non-naturalistic, sacred aesthetic featuring wafer-thin, frontal figures and gold backgrounds. However the “Old Testament Kings and Queens”, from the central doorway of Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, displays the first signs of a new naturalism in European sculpture.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The development of the Rayonnant style is connected with ___, which Sainte Chapelle in Paris is an example.
a. the court of Louis IX
b. Order of Bernard of Clairvaux
c. the Second Crusade
d. Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis
a. the court of Louis IX
The purpose of the ___ in Paris was built as a repository, in the manner of a reliquary, for the crown of thorns and other relics Louis IX had bought form his cousin Baldwin II, emperor of Constantinople.
Saint Chapelle
Commissioned by the wife of Charles IV, the statuette ___, donated to the abbey church of Saint-Denis, France, depicts the new intimate human characterization of the Late Gothic Period.
a. Virgin of Charles IV
b. Virgin of Saint-Denis
c. Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux
c. Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux
Cologne’s archbishop commissioned by the “Shrine of the Three Kings”, from silversmith and sculptor __, to be a reliquary in the shape of a church to house the relics of the three magi.
a. Abbot Suger
b. Nicholas of Vergun
c. Louis IX
d. Baldwin II
b. Nicholas of Verdun
In the early 14th century, people began to manifest a growing interest in the natural world. Accordingly, artists such as Giotto and Duccio, for example, began to abandon some of the conventions of medieval art and increasingly based their artworks on their worldly observations, resulting in a greater naturalism in art.
a. True
b. False
a. True
The most devastating natural disaster in Europe during the late 1300s was which of the following?
a. mad cow disease
b. the collapse of the linen market
c. the failure of the Medici banks
d. the Black Death
d. the Black Death
Which of the following cities was considered the rightful capital of the Roman Catholic Church?
a. Rome
b. Avignon
c. Florence
d. Paris
a. Rome
___’s revolution in painting restores the naturalistic approach of classical antiquity and based paintings on observed naturalism, as seen in his painting “Madonna Enthroned”.
a. Giotto
b. Cimabue
c. Duccio
e. Simone Martini
a. Giotto
The International Gothic style is known for its ___.
a. rich colors and intricate patterns, but not weightless figures
b. rich colors and sculptural figures
c. elegant shapes, radiant color, flowing line, intricate patterns, and weightless figures in golden, spaceless settings
d. weightless figures
e. intricate patterns
c. elegant shapes, radiant color, flowing line, intricate patterns, and weightless figures in golden, spaceless settings
A pupil of Duccio, ___ was instrumental in the creation of the International Style, as seen in his painting “Annunciation”, which expresses elegant shapes, radian color, flowing line, intricate patterns, and weightless figures in golden, spaceless settings.
Simone Martini
In the Hall of Peace in Siena’s city hall ___ painted an illusionistic panorama of a bustling city in his Good Government fresco “Peaceful City”, which served as an allegory of good government in the Sienese republic.
a. Pietro Lorenzetii
b. Ambrogio Lorenzetti
c. Simone Martini
d. Duccio
b. Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Florentines translated their pride in their predominance into landmark buildings, such as the __. Using marble-encrusted walls, sculptor and architect Arnolfo di Cambio began work on the cathedral in 1296, and was intended as the “most beautiful and honorable church is Tuscany.”
a. Florence Cathedral
b. Siena Cathedral
c. Santa Maria Novella
a. Florence Cathedral
