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Arson > Arson Investigation > Flashcards

Arson Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

Who is in charge while fire is being fought

A

All police present must cooperate with the person in charge of the Fire Service at the scene. S32, FSA 75

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2
Q

Powers of the person in charge during fire

A

S28, Fire Service Act 1975

  • May enter private property when on fire or endangered.
  • Close roads.
  • Remove vehicles impeding the Fire Service. May break into the vehicle for that purpose.
  • Remove people who are in danger or interfering with operations, using force if necessary.
  • Do anything else that is reasonable for the protection of life and property.
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3
Q

Use of Fire Service powers by Police

A

Police may exercise Fire Service powers if called upon, however just being at the scene does not give police the right to use these powers.

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4
Q

Fire Service and Police MOU

A

An agreement between Police and Fire Service to share information and details for both organisations.
Ensures that investigations by Fire Service and Police are efficiently coordinated and expertly and independently conducted.
Any relevant evidence is collected for potential criminal prosecutions or coronial enquiries.

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5
Q

When will the Fire Service notify police

A

When the fire results in a death or serious injury, or a fire is considered suspicious.

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6
Q

Fire Investigator Liaison Officer (FILO) Role

A

To achieve the objectives of the MOU.

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7
Q

FILO Responsibilities

A
  • Attend every fire resulting in serious injury or death
  • Coordinate fire investigations
  • Arrange police attendance where required
  • Maintain effective working relationships with relevant Fire Service officers
  • Assist with fire investigation related queries
  • Ensure communication is maintained with Police National Investigation Co-ordinator, Police District Intelligence Manager and District Criminal Investigations
  • Coordinate fire investigation training for Police
  • Provide other advice and expertise as required
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8
Q

Specialist Fire Investigator (SFI)

A

Employed by the Fire Service.

They typically possess extensive experience in fire fighting and fire safety and have received specialist training.

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9
Q

Specialist Fire Investigator to attend and investigate

A
  • Fires resulting in death
  • Serious (life threatening) fire-related injury
  • Structure fires where the cause is suspicious or cannot be determined
  • Significant fire spread across property boundaries
  • Fires in buildings where built-in fire safety features have failed or not performed to known or expected standards
  • Structure fires of 3rd alarm or greater (6+ appliances), that may have a significant regional or national consequence
  • Any other fire, upon the request from Police or another agency
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10
Q

Specialist Fire Investigator to death or life threatening injury

A

A minimum of two Specialist Fire Investigators will be called upon to attend and support an investigation where a death or life threatening injury has occurred.

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11
Q

Senior Specialist Fire Investigator

A

Will attend where additional experience and expertise is required in consultation with the Police FILO

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12
Q

Purpose of Specialist Fire Investigator

A

To conduct an independent investigation into the cause and origin of the fire.

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13
Q

Fire Service Investigation Liaison Officer (FSILO)

A

Appointed by the Fire Service in each district

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14
Q

FSILO Resposibilities

A
  • Arranging Fire Service Specialist Fire Investigator attendance
  • Establishing and maintaining effective working relationships with Police
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15
Q

Fire scene control and handover

A
  1. Fire Service have control while the fire is in progress. Once extinguished and no further threat, will hand over to appropriate authority
  2. Will notify police if deliberately lit or suspicious, or death or serious injury
  3. Police will seek authority over the scene
  4. Fire Service will not normally hand over the scene until it is safe to do so. All hazards dealt with.
  5. All agencies will consult with each other prior to investigation to develop an investigation plan.
  6. Investigation plan will include an outline of how the investigation will proceed and the role of each agency.
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16
Q

Investigation and Scene once extinguished

A

Where Police command the fire scene, they control access, this includes any access by Fire Service personal.

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17
Q

SFI and FILO to liaise about

A
  • Hand over of scene
  • Access to fire scene
  • Process for examination and investigation
  • Identification and collection of evidence at the fire scene
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18
Q

Police responsibilities

A
  • Conduct the criminal investigation or coronial enquiry.

- Undertake responsibilities for the protection, collection and recording of forensic evidence.

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19
Q

Who is responsible for exhibits

A

The collection and removal of exhibits will only be done by Police or other agencies with the authority to remove items.
The preservation, analysis and subsequent disposition of the exhibits is the responsibility of the Police or other agency with the appropriate authority.

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20
Q

Fire scene safety

A

Fire scenes are one of the most unstable environments in which to work. They may be deemed safe, but may become unstable post fire.

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21
Q

Most common hazards

A
  • Inhalation of toxic substances
  • Ingestion of particles
  • Cuts/wounds from sharp objects
  • Air borne dusts, particles etc
  • Tripping on fire debris
  • Falling down, over, onto or into any obstruction or cavity
  • Items from above falling onto you or hitting objects causing a chain reaction.
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22
Q

Safety on stairs

A

Check under the stairs prior to walking up.

Walk on the wall side of the stairs for both forensic and safety reasons.

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23
Q

Roof safety

A

A fire that has been held internally may make the roof unstable, requiring it to be removed prior to investigation.

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24
Q

Clothing protection that must be worn

A
  • A suitable helmet
  • Overalls
  • Nose and mouth filter, a full face respirator or full BA (if required or qualified)
  • Gloves
  • Safety glassess
  • Heavy duty footwear with steel soles and caps
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25
Q

Timber risks

A

Timber will char and burn but if thick enough will maintain sufficient integrity.
Take note of the thickness, any load it s carrying and any sound emanating form the structure.

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26
Q

Steel risks

A

Steel will contract and expand. If sufficient heat is placed on the steel it will lose strength and collapse.
When cooled it will contract and may fall or become loose.

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27
Q

Concrete risks

A

Concrete is the most unpredictable and can be affected by a low heat. It can topple in all directions. The surface may break away revealing the steel inside causing it to be exposed to he heat further reducing its strength.

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28
Q

Masonry risks

A

Masonry and brick structures can become unstable due to the weakening of the mortar, expansion of the wall or supporting structure.

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29
Q

Common methods of setting fires

A
  • Candles
  • Chemical igniters, (Potassium pemrangnate, sugar and glycerine) and (Potassium chlorate, sugar and sulphuric acid (fire fudge))
  • Electrical apparatus
  • Electric matches
  • Matches and cigarette
  • Molotov cocktail
  • Timing devices
  • Trailers
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30
Q

Non intentional fires

A
  • Carelessness. ie. leaving on a stove or heater, Children playing with matches, vagrants, ironing etc.
  • Faults. ie. In chimneys, heating systems, appliances, machinery, gas fittings etc.
  • Nature. ie. Lightning, suns rays, chemical reaction, animals causing damage
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31
Q

Candles

A

If left to burn down to a pile of easily combustible material.

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32
Q

Potassium permanganate, sugar and glycerine

A

The best known and safest chemical igniter. Potassium permanganate (Condy’s crystal) and sugar are mixed 50/50. When glycerine is introduced it burns igniting its surroundings.
The mixture leaves a greenish coca-cola like residue. If dampened it may show purple.
Some traces of the container may be present, even if cardboard.

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33
Q

Potassium chlorate, sugar and sulphuric acid

A

This mixture reacts faster than potassium permanganate and sugar. It is almost instantaneous and is therefore more likely to be used with a timer mechanism.
Sometimes magnesium or aluminium is added to increase the heat, which will produce enough heat to burn through metal.
A common substitute for potassium chlorate is Yates Universal Weed Killer.

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34
Q

Electrical Apparatus

A

An appliance left on in circumstances that will cause a fire. ie. A bar heater left on facing a wall, an iron left flat on a surface, a toaster tied down with a flammable material inside or a pan of fat or flammable liquid.
An electrical inspector should be able to trace the wires to confirm the appliance was on.

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35
Q

Electrical matches

A

Is a kind of commercial igniter designed to ignite a fast burning fuse. Similar to an electric detonator and may be wired to an electrical circuit. When fired it produces a spit of flame sufficient to ignite a petrol soaked rag.

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36
Q

Matches and cigarette

A

A cigarette left to burn on exposed heads of a box of matches.

37
Q

Molotov cocktail

A

Most commonly a bottle filled with petrol with a petrol soaked rag stuffed in the end and lit.
The resulting combination will result in a flash fire, with little damage to its surroundings. However if the bottle does not break the area of burn will be more concentrated.
Other materials may be added to the petrol to cause it to burn slower or stick to other substances, causing a slower burn which may result in a fire starting.
In testing, 20% of Molotov parts produced identifiable fingerprints.

38
Q

Timing device

A
  • A bottle containing acid is suspended over dry ingredients tipped by a length of cotton attached to a winding timer
  • Acid balancing on a board with a bucket with a hole in it on the other end. As the bucket leaks the imbalance causes the acid to fall
  • Incense stick or match cut to length
  • Electric timers
39
Q

Trailers

A

Rags soaked in kerosene are laid from an ignition source to the site of the intended fire. May leave traces such as scorch marks.
The fire may jump from pools of accelerant leaving little damage else where.

40
Q

Initial Action at the Scene - non explosive

A
  1. Briefly interview the informant (may also be the suspect)
  2. Secure and control the scene
  3. Initial interview of, SFI and O/C first fire appliance on scene
  4. Interview incident controller
  5. If extinguished, ensure safety of scene before an intial conference is held
  6. If deemed suspicious then re-group and hold a briefing
  7. Confer with other staff and determine a plan of action. Deploy to guard scene, identifying and interviewing witnesses, conducting local enquiries
  8. Sitrep to Comms and request of specialist assistance, FILO, photographer, fingerprints if required.
41
Q

Interview incident controller to find out…

A
  • Time and date of call and manner in which it was received
  • What appliances attended
  • The state of the fire when Fire Service arrived
  • what action the Fire Service took, particularly in entering and ventilating after the fire
  • what information the Fire Service has about the buildings security
  • what alterations they have made. ie. opening doors etc.
  • whether they think it was suspicious
  • their opinions of the informant. ie. are they a regular caller
  • details of people or vehicles acting suspiciously.
42
Q

Guarding and controlling the scene

A

To ensure origin and cause of the fire are established, the scene must be controlled and protected.

  • Ensure scene is not interfered with, exclusion of people (onlookers, owners etc)
  • Preserve evidence
  • Prevent looting
43
Q

Fire scene contamination

A

Contamination of the scene is always an issue due to the damaging nature of the fire and the effects of extinguishing the fire.
Attempt to limit the contamination by limiting access to areas believed to be the seat of the fire. Stop fire crews removing debris to assist the owner after the fire
Consider the scope of the scene.

44
Q

Scope of the scene

A

Is the scene a single room, entire building, a large area including a building or buildings, outside areas.

45
Q

Cordon the scene

A
  • Identify the centre of the scene
  • Tape off outside (outside the furthest piece of obvious evidence)
  • Use natural borders of the scene
46
Q

Common approach path

A

Limit traffic to ‘corridors’ paths that will limit the contamination of the scene.

47
Q

Difficult to preserve scene

A

In certain circumstances the building may require demolition to make it safe.
Sketches, photographs, plans, video recordings should be taken prior to the demolition.
When removing spoil from the scene into a clear warm area making sure it is clearly marked to assist in recreating the scene.

48
Q

Preparing for the examination

A

Arrange for the scene to be examined as soon as circumstances allow. Establish a clear area for material removed from the scene and avoid cross contamination.
Commence the search in the undamaged areas working progressively through to the point of origin.

49
Q

External examination

A
  • Adjoining premises. Often reveals accelerant containers, attempted forced entry, broken windows, forced doors.
  • Nearby alleyways/streets/driveways
  • The yards and outbuildings
  • The periphery of the structure
  • What distance debris was scattered
50
Q

V-Shaped burn patter

A

A V shaped burn pattern is caused as a result of the natural fire spreading outwards as it grows upward. The base of the V indicates the seat of the fire.

51
Q

Preliminary Internal Examination

A

Should involve a slow walk through the premises from the area of least damage to that of the most, taking note of such things as,

  • Low stock, building in need of repair, signs of hardship
  • Missing family photos, furniture, personal items, clothing
  • Rifled premises
  • Position of clothes, open filing cabinets, missing files
  • Forced entry into empty till
  • Presence of accelerant containers or trails
  • Separate unrelated seats of fire, unusual odours, burn patterns
  • Owner/occupier attitude
52
Q

Detailed internal Examination

A

Following the internal prelim, you will accompany a SFI through the scene who will conduct a detailed examination. Observations will include,

  • Smoke deposits/patterns
  • Spalling
  • Damage to wall studs, roofing timbers, window sills, door edges, skirting
  • Soot deposits on window glass and craze patterns
  • Floor areas burnt through
  • Elimination of false low burns
  • Removal of fire debris
  • Underfloor inspection
53
Q

Spalling

A

The cracking or chipping of concrete as a result of being heated and cooled.

54
Q

Crazing

A

Crazing of glass can be created by the rapid heating of glass and also the rapid cooling of it by the application of water spray in a hot environment. It is not an indication of the use of flammable liquid without other indicators being present.

55
Q

Conclusion of the Detailed Examination

A

At the conclusion, the SFI will be able to determine the,

  • Area of origin
  • Point of origin
  • The seat of the fire
56
Q

In determining the seat of the fire, the SFI will consider

A
  • Witness reports
  • When the fire was first noticed and where
  • State of the fire at that time
  • Wind direction and speed and weather
  • Direction of the spread
  • Colour of the flames and smoke
  • Severity of the damage / depth of charring
  • Presence of a starting device
  • Reports and opinions of other specialists
57
Q

Evidence of Accelerants

A
  • Containers
  • Traces in debris
  • Smell
  • Unusually rapid spread or intensity of fire
  • Uneven burning
  • Burning under or behind boards where the liquid has run through the cracks
  • Multiple seats of fire
58
Q

Evidence of Intentional Interference

A
  • Tampering with the alarm or sprinkler system
  • Hindering access
  • Misdirecting fire fighters
  • Evidence of intentional removal of valuable property, or substitution of property
  • Signs that furniture was rearranged to create a fire base
  • Signs that windows and skylights were opened to create a draught
  • Foreign material and objects, such as screw/batteries, that might be part of a device
  • Signs a crime had been committed. The property may have been burned to destroy the evidence.
  • Signs that a heater, soldering iron or other electrical appliance has been left on
  • Inconsistencies
  • Unusual burn patterns or unusual time factors
59
Q

Exhibit collection technique

A
  • Photograph in situ and preserve in containers
  • Use approved arson kits if available
  • Take control samples from charred timber or debris from the seat to compare with samples from other places
  • Take any accelerants found nearby
  • Take soil from the surrounding area
60
Q

Nylon bags

A

Always place in nylon bags before placing in arson tins as over time tins will rust out.
Place in a nylon bag, twist at the neck and fold over on itself before sealing.

61
Q

Prelim interview of the Owner

A
  • When were the premises last secured and by whom
  • Whether they know he cause
  • Details of any suspects and insurance
  • Type of business
  • Actions leading up to the fire
  • Note the owners demeanour
62
Q

Conferences must be held to assist you with

A

Conferences must be held during the scene examination to assist you with,

  • Assessing the information obtained
  • Reconstructing
  • Establishing possible motives
  • Identifying suspects
  • Planning further enquiries
63
Q

People attending conferences may include

A
  • O/C CIB
  • Crime scene coordinator
  • Fire Investigator Liaison Officer
  • O/C Investigation
  • Investigating officers
  • Specialist Fire Investigator
  • Police Photographer
  • Fingerprint technician / SOCO
  • Other specialists as required
64
Q

Conferences

A

Conferences are vital to a successful scene examination and ultimately a successful investigation.
They must be chaired by a FILO, Crime scene coordinator or the senior police employee present.
Record all decisions made and the reasons they were made.
The conference forms the basis of your scene examination and risk assessment.

65
Q

Body Removal

A

Where possible, a forensic pathologist should be call and attend the scene prior to removal.
Always consider video recording the body removal on video.
Consider the use of the disaster victim identification (DVI) team.

66
Q

Packaging a body

A

Best practice is to use bubble wrap to secure the body parts then packaged in a clearly marked and protected boxing of some form.
Keep a look out for any medically inserted pins, teeth or any protected finger skin to assist in identification.
Ensure the body has cooled prior to wrapping. Advise pathology staff is unable to wait.
Packaging the body parts may include the furniture they were on, this can be removed later at the mortuary.

67
Q

Enquiries in respect of fires not involving explosives.

A
  1. Submit articles to ESR early
  2. Issue an offence report entering any property details.
  3. Obtain written reports from SFI, CAD, fire investigation report.
  4. Consider media releases, bulletin board messages, informing staff at lineups, using special notices.
  5. Plan enquiries and interview, owner/occupier, person who last secured the building, person who found the fire and the person who phoned fire service.
  6. Consider an area canvass. Gather info about the fire, the people and vehicles seen nearby.
  7. Think about motives and the victim’s reputation and financial position.
  8. Contact insurance company.
  9. If previous/similar fires in same local, obtain direction about special patrols, immediate attendance, saturation patrols and prevention activity.
  10. Inform local intel and FILO about suspects, similar fires and other fire involving the same people.
  11. Enquire with meteorological services to establish the weather.
  12. Maintain contact with the owner and victim.
68
Q

Contact the insurance company and promptly obtain:

A
  • The services of an assessor
  • Particulars of thebinsurance on the premises and their contents
  • Copies if insurance policies
  • Information on prior claims
  • Details of any recent increase in cover
  • Details of any over insurance
69
Q

Motives for arson

A
  • profit
  • fraud
  • jealousy
  • crime concealment
  • excitement
  • vandalism
  • pyromania
70
Q

Suspect enquiries non explosive

A
  1. Identify suspect
  2. Investigates suspects thoroughly and according to priority
  3. Consider surveillance
  4. Complete enquiries to establish suspects
  5. Consider a search warrant
  6. Interview suspect
  7. Consider a photo montage
  8. Complete enquiries to corroborate or negate explanation
  9. Advise your supervisor. Consider ingredients and a prima facie case have been established
  10. Arrest suspect. Consider a reconstruction.
  11. Complete prosecution reports. Remove any WTI alerts. Forward noting to FILO
71
Q

Identify suspect by means of:

A
  • circumstances of the fire
  • fingerprints
  • information from informants and witnesses
  • media response
  • police resources, intel, YA, FILO
  • enquiries at prisons, psych hospitals, rehabs and schools
  • info from fire crew on people who regularly attend fires.
72
Q

Possible suspect may include

A
  • the owner for insurance
  • an employee, to cover theft, forgery or false pretences
  • a criminal to cover traces of another crime or to intimidate other victims of a protection racket
  • an aggrieved person suffering from jealousy, hatred, rage, prejudice or revenge
  • pyromaniac
  • a pupil or ex pupil
  • member of the fire service
  • business competitor
73
Q

Obtain a suspects

A
  • full particulars
  • criminal histories
  • details of any vehicles
  • details of associates
  • photograph
74
Q

Establish the suspects

A
  • opportunity
  • motive
  • mens rea
  • connection with scene and crime
  • character, mental background, history, movements, behaviour.
75
Q

When executing a warrant

A

Search the suspects clothing, residence, motor vehicle, work place and any other place where evidence may be found.

76
Q

What to look for at a search warrant

A
  • accelerants
  • containers
  • igniters
  • wick fabric
  • traces of debris from scene
  • note the suspects explanation. Be alert for signs the suspect has been at a fire. Burnt facial hair, smell of smoke, residue of fuel or combustibles on the skin
77
Q

Electrical fires

A

The identification of an electrical ignition source requires sound knowledge of electrical protection systems and installations.
Common sources include, heaters and clothing, electric lamp and petrol igniters, ignition of main switch board wiring, fallen table or standard lamp, toaster, cooking pots, ceiling exhaust fan, electric urns, bread makers, water heaters, deep fryers, rice cookers

78
Q

Fire involving explosives

A
  1. Remember there may be a secondary device. Do not handle or interfere with anything unfamiliar.
  2. Do not use cell phones, radios or other transmitting devices
  3. Evacuate the scene to at least 100m. Advise people to take personal possessions. Consider using an explosives detector dog.
  4. If the IED is located immediately obtain assistance from an IED operator from department of labour. Consider defence force.
  5. Give regular sitreps to comms.
79
Q

Examining the scene of explosive fire

A
  1. Once cleared safe, conduct a scene exam. Use video and photographs.
  2. Remember to continually reconstruct.
  3. Request the attendance of ESR. Swab the scene, hands and clothing of suspects.
80
Q

Identifying the explosive

A
  1. Give priority to identifying the explosive used.
  2. A blast of 1200-500mps is characterised by the fact that the blast follows the least resistance
  3. > 5000mps will be a more direct blast in a definable pattern with less damage outside the blast zone
  4. Because explosive residues are often slight and dissipate rapidly, you may need to allow access to the centre of the scene prior to examining the exterior, working outwards from the centre of the blast.
  5. It may also be necessary to remove body parts promptly before they decompose or are affected by animals or insects.
  6. Record your impressions or any odours you detect.
81
Q

Linking the suspect to the scene (explosive)

A
  • Look for fingerprints and handwriting samples
  • Note the type of construction as bombers often construct IEDs in similar or identical manner
  • Often bombers manufacture the device in a workshop. Consider items that may link the suspect home to the device, ie. tool marks and footprints.
82
Q

Reconstruction of the explosive

A

A reconstruction may be carried out to determine the explosive used. This will be a closed scientific test.

83
Q

Characteristic damage caused by explosives

A
  • Cratering
  • Spread of debris
  • Shredding of materials
  • A smell peculiar to the exploded material, ie. a smell of almonds
  • An overlay of dust
  • Shrapnel marks
84
Q

Explosive containers

A

Pieces may be found scattered a considerable distance from the explosion centre.

85
Q

Types of detonators

A
  • Non electric. Traces may be found depending on use
  • Electric. May locate, lead wire, neoprene plug, short circuit shunt, delay setting tag, electrical detonator casing
  • Safety fuses. Burning leaves the fuse in a limp state. Look for scorch marks on the ground
  • Detonating cord. may cause surface damage
  • Igniter cord. Leaves a black charred ash like remnant
86
Q

Non destructive method - explosive recovery

A

When possible, consider using a non destructive manner to disable the device to preserve evidence. Safety is always the overriding factor when considering this.

87
Q

Equipment - Fire sampling kit

A
  • Tins
  • Nylon bags
  • Tissues. For absorbing liquids
  • Pipette
  • Gloves
  • Exhibit labels / Address Labels.
    Ensure the kit has not been used and all containers are sealed and labelled.
    Forward the kit as a unit, even if only one item has been used.
88
Q

Liquid samples

A

Do not forward liquid samples in anything other than the bottles provided. Ensure they are sealed tight. Clean the outside of the bottle and place in polystyrene box.
Uplift using a pipette or absorbing into a tissue.

89
Q

Bomb / explosive / IED notification

A

Designed to report,

  • Bombing and accidental or deliberate explosion, including safe cracking
  • Attempted bombing
  • Molotov cocktail
  • Hoax device
  • Bomb threats, telephoned or otherwise
  • Suspicious packages
  • Stolen or recovered explosives
  • Unlawful possession of explosives
  • any other explosives related incident

Arson (3 decks)

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