arson Flashcards
criminal law is broken up into two types of intent… they are…
(definition of intent)
deliberate act, specific outcome.
whose responsibility is it to provie intent?
Prosecution.
circumstantial evidence to which an offenders intent may be inferred
Actions/words before, during, after.
surrounding circumstances
nature of act itself.
proving recklessness is broken up into two parts…
- they conscioulsy and deliberately ran a risk (subjective)
- the risk was unreasonable given the circumstances (objective- based on whether a reasonable person would have taken that risk)
what is fire the result of
combustion- a chemical reaction between fuel and oxygen triggered by heat.
definition of an explosive
any substance or mixture or combination of substances which in its normal state is capable either of decomposition at such rapid rate as to result in an explosion or of producing a pyrotechnic effect
examples of explosives
ammunition
cartridges
detonators
dynomite
flares
gunpowder
rockets
are firearms and fireworks considered explosives?
no, neither of them meet the legal definition of an explosive
can you damange intangible property by fire or explosive?
you can damage it indirectly. for example damaging a computer where information was stored and now it is irritreviable
In the context of 267(1) what does danger to life mean
a human life other than the defendants.
what is not considered a vehicle
push chair.
shopping trolley.
wheel barrow.
pedistrian powered lawn mower.
wheelchairs without motors.
does tenancy count as a persons interest in a property?
yes, a tenant cannot be convicted of recklessly damaging the tenanted property by fire.
Though they can be convicted if they intentionally caused loss to any other person or knew that danger to life was likely to ensue.
define person/owner
Board,
company,
crown,
public body,
local authority,
society
to be guily of an attempt you must
intend to commit the offence
take real and substantial steps towards achieving that aim
section 72 attempts
everyone who has
an intent to commit an offence
does or omits an act
for the purpose
of accomplishing his object
is guilty of an attempt
whether or not in the circumstances
it was possible to commit that offence
to be guilty of an attempt the defendant must have…?
progressed past the stage of preparation and commenced actions to intended to commit the full offence
american model penal code examples of an attempt
- enticing the victim to go to the scene of the contemplated crime
- lying in wait, searching for or following the contemplated victim
- possession, collection or fabrication of materials to be employed in the commission of the crime
- reconnoitring the scene of the contemplated crime
- soliciting an innocent agent to engage in conduct constituting an element of the crime
- unlawful entry of a structure, vehicle or enclosure in which it is contemplated that the crime will be committed
The Fire Service Specialist Fire Investigator will liaise with the designated Police Fire Investigation Liaison Officer or other member of Police in relation to four specific matters.
-access to fire scene
-handover of fire scene.
-ID / collection of exhibits
- process for examination/investigation
proving knowledge in providing explosives to commit an offence
it must be proved that the offender knowingly had the substance in his possession and also that he knew it to be an explosive substance.
Providing ‘explosives’ covers what kind of items
covers dangerous engines and instruments and things; devices intended to explode or cause fire or emission of noxious things.
Possession of explosive device re Section 272 Crimes Act 1961 Providing explosives to commit an offence
(intent)
made it or possess it with intent for it to be used by another person.
They do not need to know the ID of that person or how it will be used.
In determining the seat of the fire, list some of the matters the specialist fire investigator should consider.
− witnesses’ reports
− when they first noticed the fire and where they were at the time
− the state of the fire at that time
− wind direction and speed, weather
− the direction of spread
− the colour of the flames and smoke
− severity of the damage
− depth of charring
− the presence of starting devices
− reports and opinions from other specialists.
List examples where carelessness may cause a fire.
− misusing electricity
− children playing with matches, cigarette lighters and so on
− burning off paint
− vagrants lighting fires
− welding and other industrial processes
− leaving clothes near heating
− wrapping up live ashes in paper
− ironing
− setting off fireworks
− using or storing flammable materials
− burning rubbish
− using domestic or camp fires
− leaving a stove or heater on
− leaving fat unattended while cooking
− smoking
List examples of material used to start a fire.
− candles
− chemical igniters
− electrical apparatus (irons, heaters etc)
− electric matches
− matches and cigarettes
− Molotov cocktails
− readily available combustible material
- rubbish
− timing devices
− trailers
Detail the Police responsibilities at a fire scene examination and investigation.
− conduct the criminal investigation or coronial enquiry
− undertake responsibility for the protection, collection and recording of forensic evidence
− the collection and removal of material from a fire crime scene will only be done by Police or other agencies with the authority to remove evidence
− the preservation, analysis and subsequent disposition of any such material is the responsibility of Police or other agency.
Describe the powers conferred by Section 42 of the Fire and Emergency New Zealand Act 2017 on the person in charge of the Fire Service at the fire site.
(a) enter any land, building, or structure:
(b) break into any building or structure that may be on fire or otherwise endangered or that is near the emergency:
(c) take or send any equipment or machine required to be used into, through, or upon any land, building, or structure:
(d) remove from any land, building, or structure that is on fire or otherwise endangered, or that is near the emergency, any flammable, combustible, explosive, or dangerous material
found in the building or structure:
(e) cause any building or structure that is on fire or otherwise endangered, or that is adjacent to or in the vicinity of any building or structure that is on fire or otherwise endangered, to be pulled down or shored up (either in whole or in part):
(f) cause any building or structure to be pulled down or shored up (either in whole or in part) at the time of the emergency or within a reasonable time afterwards
ARSON (danger to life) 267(1)(a) CA
Intentionally
or recklessly
Damages by fire or
damages by means of explosive
any property
if he or she knows or ought to known that danger to life is likely to ensue.
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk,
DAMAGES BY FIRE
DEF:
Burning, charring, melting, blistering of paint or
significant smoke damage may be sufficient.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
DAMAGES BY MEANS OF EXPLOSIVE
DEF:
any substance or mixture or combination of substances which in its normal state is capable either of decomposition at such rapid rate as to result in an explosion or of producing a pyrotechnic effect
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY PROPERTY:
real and personal property, any estate or interest in any real or personal property, money, electricity, any debt, any thing in action, and any other right or interest
IF THEY KNOW OR OUGHT TO KNOWN THAT DANGER TO LIFE IS LIKELY TO ENSUE
DANGER TO LIFE
DEF:
Human life, other than the defendants.
KNOWLEDGE:
DEF:
knowing or correctly
believing”. They may believe something wrongly, but cannot ‘know’ something that is false”.
ARSON (vehicle/immovable property) 267(1)(b) CA
Intentionally
or recklessly
WOCOR
Damages by fire or
damages by means of explosive
any Immoveable property or vehicle or ship or aircraft.
In which that person has no interest
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk,
CLAIM OF RIGHT
DEF:
belief at the time of the act in proprietary or possessory right to property though that beleif may be based on ignorance or mistake or on any matter of law.
DAMAGES BY FIRE
DEF:
Burning, charring, melting, blistering of paint or
significant smoke damage may be sufficient.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
DAMAGES BY MEANS OF EXPLOSIVE
DEF:
any substance or mixture or combination of substances which in its normal state is capable either of decomposition at such rapid rate as to result in an explosion or of producing a pyrotechnic effect
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY:
PROPERTY
DEF:
Property will be considered immoveable if it is currently fixed in place and unable to be moved (even if it is possible to make it moveable)
VEHICLE
DEF:
A contrivience equipped with track, wheels, or revolving runners on which it moves or is moved.
SHIP
DEF: any vessel used for naviagation however propelled.
AIRCRAFT
DEF: any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air.
NO INTEREST
CASELAW:
R V WILSON
Tenancy of a property constitutes as interest.
ARSON (Cause loss/ obtain benifit) 267(1)(c) CA
Intentionally
or recklessly
Damages by fire or
damages by means of explosive
any Immoveable property or vehicle or ship or aircraft.
with intent to obtain any benifit or cause loss to any person
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk,
DAMAGES BY FIRE
DEF:
Burning, charring, melting, blistering of paint or
significant smoke damage may be sufficient.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
DAMAGES BY MEANS OF EXPLOSIVE
DEF:
any substance or mixture or combination of substances which in its normal state is capable either of decomposition at such rapid rate as to result in an explosion or of producing a pyrotechnic effect
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY:
PROPERTY
DEF:
Property will be considered immoveable if it is currently fixed in place and unable to be moved (even if it is possible to make it moveable)
CASELAW:
R V WILSON
Tenancy of a property constitutes as interest.
VEHICLE
DEF:
A contrivience equipped with track, wheels, or revolving runners on which it moves or is moved.
SHIP
DEF: any vessel used for naviagation however propelled.
AIRCRAFT
DEF: any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air.
WITH INTENT TO OBTAIN ANY BENIFIT OR CAUSE LOSS TO ANY OTHER PERSON
OBTAIN
DEF: to obtain or retain from oneself or for another person.
BENIFIT:
DEF: Any Benifit, pecuniary advantage, privilege, property, service, valuable consideration.
LOSS
DEF: financial detriment to the vicim
CASELAW:
R V MORLEY
Loss … is assessed by the extent to which the complainant’s position prior to the [offence] has been diminished or impaired.”
PERSON
DEF: includes real people/ companies/ organisations.
max penalty for arson
14 years
max penalty for attempted arson
10 years
Attempted Arson Section 268 Crimes Act 1961
ATTEMPTS
TO COMMIT ARSON
IN RESPECT OF ANY
IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY
OR VEHICLE
OR SHIP
OR AIRCRAFT
ATTEMPTS
DEF:
everyone who has
an intent to commit an offence
does or omits an act
for the purpose
of accomplishing his object
is guilty of an attempt
whether or not in the circumstances
it was possible to commit that offence
CASELAW
R V HARUR :
The Court may have regard to the conduct viewed cumulatively and [may] be considered in its entirety.
Considering how much remains to be done … is always
relevant, though not determinative.”
TO COMMIT ARSON
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk,
DAMAGES BY FIRE
DEF:
Burning, charring, melting, blistering of paint or
significant smoke damage may be sufficient.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
DAMAGES BY MEANS OF EXPLOSIVE
DEF:
any substance or mixture or combination of substances which in its normal state is capable either of decomposition at such rapid rate as to result in an explosion or of producing a pyrotechnic effect
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY:
PROPERTY
DEF:
Property will be considered immoveable if it is currently fixed in place and unable to be moved (even if it is possible to make it moveable)
VEHICLE
DEF:
A contrivience equipped with track, wheels, or revolving runners on which it moves or is moved.
SHIP
DEF: any vessel used for naviagation however propelled.
AIRCRAFT
DEF: any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air.
Intentional damage 269(1) CA 1961
(10 yrs)
INTENTIALLY
OR RECKLESSLY
DESTROYS
OR DAMAGES
ANY PROPERTY
THEY KNOW
OR OUGHT TO KNOW
DANGER TO LIFE
IS LIKELY TO RESULT
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk,
DESTROYS OR DAMAGES
DEF:
by any means whatsoever other than fire.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY PROPERTY:
real and personal property, any estate or interest in any real or personal property, money, electricity, any debt, any thing in action, and any other right or interest
IF THEY KNOW OR OUGHT TO KNOWN THAT DANGER TO LIFE IS LIKELY TO ENSUE
DANGER TO LIFE
DEF:
Human life, other than the defendants.
KNOWLEDGE:
DEF:
knowing or correctly
believing”. They may believe something wrongly, but cannot ‘know’ something that is false”.
Intentional damage 269(2)(a) CA 1961
(7 yrs)
INTENTIALLY
OR RECKLESSLY
WOCOR
DESTROYS
OR DAMAGES
ANY PROPERTY
IN WHICH THEY HAVE NO INTEREST
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk
CLAIM OF RIGHT
DEF:
belief at the time of the act in proprietary or possessory right to property though that beleif may be based on ignorance or mistake or on any matter of law.
DESTROYS OR DAMAGES
DEF:
by any means whatsoever other than fire.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY PROPERTY:
real and personal property, any estate or interest in any real or personal property, money, electricity, any debt, any thing in action, and any other right or interest
IN WHICH THAT PERSON HAS NO INTEREST
CASELAW
R V WILSON:
Tenancy of a property constitutes an interest.
Intentional damage 269(2)(b) CA 1961
(7 yrs)
INTENTIALLY
OR RECKLESSLY
WOCOR
DESTROYS
OR DAMAGES
ANY PROPERTY
WITH INTENT
TO OBTAIN
ANY BENIFIT
OR CAUSE LOSS
TO ANY PERSON
INTENTIONALLY
DEF:
deliberate act, specific outcome.
CASELAW:
R V COLLISTER
Intent inferred by circumstance
RECKLESSLY
DEF:
Consciously and deliberately ran a risk which was unreasonable in those circumstances.
CASELAW:
CAMERON V R
reckless is established if they recognise that there was a real possilbility that…
Their actions would bring about a prescribed result… and having regard to that risk those actions were unreasonable.
R V TIPPLE
had consicous apprecaition of the risk and made a delierate decision to run that risk
DESTROYS OR DAMAGES
DEF:
by any means whatsoever other than fire.
CASELAW:
R V ARCHER
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporay physical harm or permanent or temporay impairment of its value of use.
ANY PROPERTY:
real and personal property, any estate or interest in any real or personal property, money, electricity, any debt, any thing in action, and any other right or interest
WITH INTENT TO OBTAIN ANY BENIFIT OR CAUSE LOSS TO ANY OTHER PERSON
OBTAIN
DEF: to obtain or retain from oneself or for another person.
BENIFIT:
DEF: Any Benifit, pecuniary advantage, privilege, property, service, valuable consideration.
LOSS
DEF: financial detriment to the vicim
CASELAW:
R V MORLEY
Loss … is assessed by the extent to which the complainant’s position prior to the [offence] has been diminished or impaired.”
PERSON
DEF: includes real people/ companies/ organisations.
what will the fire service inform police of?
if it resulted in a death
If it is a suspicious fire.
What is a FILO
Fire investigation liasion officer
the FILO’s responsibility?
‑ attending every fire that results in serious injury or death
‑ co‐ordinating fire investigations in their designated area or district
‑ arranging Police attendance at fire scenes
- maintain effective working relationships with the relevant Fire Service Investigation Liaison Officer (FSILO) and Fire Service Specialist Fire Investigators
‑ assisting areas or districts with fire investigation/ queries
- ensure communication is maintained with the Police National Fire Investigation Co‑ordinator, Police District Intelligence Manager and District Manager Criminal Investigations, where appropriate
‑ co‐ordinating fire investigation training police
what do specialist fire investigators attend? (Fire and Emergency)
‑ fatal fires
‑ fires where serious (life threatening) fire‐related injury has occurred
‑ structure fires where the cause is suspicious or cannot be determined
‑ significant fire spread across a property boundary
‑ fires in buildings where built‐in fire safety features have failed, or not performed to known or expected standards
‑ structure fires of 3rd alarm equivalent (at least six appliance) or greater, that may have a significant regional or national consequence
‑ any other fire, upon request from Police or another agency
how many fire investigators will attend and support an investigation if it resulted in a fatality/ life threatening injury?
A minimum of two.
what is a FSILO
Fire Service Investigation Liaison Officers
what are Fire Service Investigation Liaison Officers responsible for?
‑ arranging Fire Service Specialist Fire Investigator attendance at fire scenes where requested by Police.
-establishing and maintaining effective working relationships with relevant Police Fire Investigation Liaison Officers (FILOs), in
the respective Police districts/areas