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DMD 5248 > Arroyo: Posterior Pituitary > Flashcards

Arroyo: Posterior Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What are pituicytes?

A
  • Packing and supporting cells in the posterior pituitary gland
    • Compose most of the posterior pituitary
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2
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Stores and releases hormones into the close capillaries

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3
Q

Main difference between anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Pituitary hormones are produced in the hypothalamus but stored in and released from the posterior pituitary

NO ENDOCRINE CELLS

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4
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Both are polypeptides - each have 9 amino acids
  • Both are transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract in combination with neurophysin (carrier protein) to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland where they are stored
  1. ADH - antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
    • ​​Decreased urine output
  2. OT - oxytocin​
    • ​​Initates labor, stimulates boobs to release milk, stimulates uterine contractions (when not in labor?)
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5
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What does ADH activate?

A

Second messenger systems

  • cAMP
  • IP3/Ca2+
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7
Q

What are the two main effects of ADH?

A
  • Increases water re-absorption (retention) by distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys = decrease osmotic pressure in blood
  • Contraction of vascular SM = generalized vasoconstriction (regulated through action of IP3/Ca2+
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8
Q

Factors controlling ADH release

A
  • ↑ in pressure of ECF (increase in plasma osmolality) as in dehydration will stimulate hypothalamus to ↑ ADH secretion
  • Decrease BV (³10%) ↑ ADH secretion
  • Decrease arterial BP due to decrease BV ↑ ADH
  • Age ↑ ADH secretion = water retention and hyponatremia
  • Pain, emotional stress, physical trauma ↑ ADH
  • Drugs (i.e. morphine, barbiturates, nicotine) ↑ ADH secretion
  • Alcohol ↓ ADH secretion
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9
Q

Abnormalities of ADH release: Hypo-/Hypersecretion

A

Hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus

Hypersecretion: Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH)

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10
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

ADH hyposecretion = Diabetes Insipidus

  • Enormous daily output of very dilute, watery urine
  • Intense thirst: the patient drinks 2-20L of fluid/day
  • Fluid intake cannot be limited or else you’d develop severe dehydration
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11
Q

What are some causes of diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Head trauma
  • Brain tumor, irradiation of pituitary gland
  • CNS infections (meningitis, encephalitis, tuberculosis)
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12
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH)

A

ADH hypersecretion = Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH)

  • Water retention causes dilutional decreased osmolality
  • Decreased serum osmolality causes water to move into cells
  • Decrease in Na+ and thirst can cause
    • Weakness
    • Muscle cramps
    • Diarrhea
  • If Na+ levels worsen, you develop neurological manifestations
    • Lethargy
    • Decrease in tendon reflexes
    • Abdominal cramping, vomiting
    • Coma
    • Seizures
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13
Q

Where is OT produced?

A

Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are the actions of OT?

A
  • Contraction of uterine SMs = enhances labor
  • Contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells of the alveoli and ducts = ejection of milk in lactating women
    • Milk let down
  • Increases ejaculation in men
    • Male/female SM contraction during orgasm
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15
Q

OT vs. PRL?

A

Oxytocin is concerned with releasing or ejecting milk, while prolactin is concerned with synthesis and production of milk

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16
Q

Control of OT release

A
  • Control of oxytocin release - POSITIVE FEEDBACK
    • Nipple stimulation (suckling reflex) ↑OT
    • Visual or auditory stimuli from baby ↑OT
    • Distension of uterus and cervix stretching during delivery ↑OT
    • Psychological and emotional factors (fear, pain) ↓OT
    • Alcohol ↓OT
    • Hormones
      • Progesterone ↓uterine sensitivity to OT
      • Estrogen ↑uterine sensitivity to OT
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17
Q

Pineal gland location

A

Part of the epithalamus

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18
Q

What hormone(s) is/are produced by the pineal gland? What type of cell is producing that/those hormone(s)?

A

Pinealocytes produce melatonin (made from 5HT)

19
Q

What does melatonin do?

A
  • Helps regulate circadian rhythm
  • Protects against damage by free radicals
    • Antioxidant
  • Inhibits reproductive functions
    • Inhibits GnRH
    • Levels decrease at puberty
20
Q

What disorder can you develop during the winter, when the days are shorter and the nights are longer? Why?

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

  • Melatonin is secreted in the dark, so people with SAD are sad (lol) because they have higher levels of melatonin
  • Dysregulated circadian rhythm
21
Q

What effects might be observed if someone develops a pineal tumor?

A

Precocious puberty

22
Q

Thyroid gland appearance and location

A
  • Butterfly shaped
  • Inferior to larynx
  • Largest pure endocrine gland
23
Q

Actions of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Controls rate of metabolic processes
  • Required for normal growth and development
24
Q

What hormone(s) does the thyroid gland produce? What is the action of that/those hormone(s)?

A
  • Thyroid hormone
    • Increases metabolic rate
  • Calcitonin
    • Lowers levels of blood Ca2+
    • ↓ osteoclast activity
    • ↑ osteoblast activity
25
Q

What effects may be observed with hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Endemic goiter - lack of dietary iodine
  • High metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always feeling hot, tachycardia
  • Change in menstrual cycles
  • Frequent BMs
  • Grave’s disease - exophthalmos
26
Q

What effects may be observed with hypothyroidism?

A
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis - adults
  • Myxedema - adults
  • Cretinism - children
27
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis - adults
    • ↓TH
    • Low metabolic rate, weight gain, fatigue, always cold
28
Q

Myxedema

A
  • Myxedema - adults
    • Extreme hypothyroidism in adults
    • General apathy, mental sluggishness, cold intolerance, decrease BMs
29
Q

Cretinism

A
  • Cretinism - children
    • Extreme hypothyroidism in children
    • Mental retardation, short stature, protruding tongue
30
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

4 on the posterior surface of the thyroid

31
Q

What hormone(s) do/does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

PTH

32
Q

PTH functions

A
  • ↑ osteoclast activity
  • ↓ osteoblast activity
  • ↑ blood concentration of Ca2+
  • Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys
33
Q

What are the effects of parathyroid hyperfunction?

A

Hyperfunction - Moans, groans, stones, bones, and psychiatric overtones

  • Osteoporosis - lack of Ca2+ in bones; bone pain
  • Kidney stones - caused by increased blood Ca2+; gets stuck in kidneys
  • Depression - chemical imbalance
34
Q

What are the effects of parathyroid hypofunction? What usually causes this?

A
  • Usually caused by accidental removal of the parathyroid gland while removing the thyroid
  • Low blood Ca2+ levels
    • Muscle cramps
    • Numbness and tingling
    • Tetanus
    • Weak
    • Mood swings
    • Brittle hair and nails
35
Q

What organs have secondary endocrine functions?

A
  • Gonads
  • Intestines
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Thymus
  • Adipose
36
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by the ovaries?

A
  • Estrogens - produced by follicular cells
    • Targets most cells
    • Support follicle maturation, secondary sex characteristics, behaviors
  • Inhibin - produced by f_ollicular cells_
    • Targets pituitary gland
    • Inhibits secretion of FSH - NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
  • Progestins - produced by corpus luteum
    • Targets uterus, mammary glands
    • Prepared uterus for implantation and mammary glands for secretion
      • Used to initiate menses or not
37
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by the testes?

A

Gonads: Testes

  • Androgens - produced by interstitial cells
    • Targets most cells
    • Maturation of sperm, secondary sex characteristics
  • Inhibin - produced by nurse cells
    • Targets pituitary gland
    • Inhibits secretion of FSH
38
Q

What is observed when you have hypersecretion of androgen hormones?

A

Hirsutism or hypertrichosis

39
Q

What hormone(s) are secreted by the intestines? What organs are targeted and what is/are its/their actions?

A
  • Many hormones:
    • Secretin
    • Gastrin
    • Cholecystokinin
  • Target digestive organs
  • Coordinate digestive activities
40
Q

What hormone(s) are secreted by the kidneys? What does that/those hormone(s) do?

A
  • Renin
    • Targets adrenal and pituitary glands, kidneys
    • Stimulates renin-angiotensin system
    • Stimulates aldosterone and ADH release
    • ↓water loss by kidney; ↑thirst and BP
41
Q

What hormone(s) is/are secreted by the heart?

A
  • Natriuretic peptides
    • Stimulated by ↑BV, stretching heart tissues
    • Targets kidneys, hypothalamus, adrenal glands
    • ↑water and salt loss at kidneys, ↓thirst and secretion of ADH and aldosterone
42
Q

What hormone(s) is/are secreted by the thymus?

A
  • Thymopoietin
  • Thymosins
    • Target lymphocytes and other cells of the immune response
    • Coordinate and regulate immune response
43
Q

Thymus location

A

Yellow; right above heart; atrophies after puberty

44
Q

What hormone(s) are secreted by adipose tissue?

A
  • Leptin
    • Targets hypothalamus
    • ↓appetite; ↑gonadotropin synthesis

DMD 5248 (6 decks)

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