Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DMD 5248 > Arroyo: Adrenals & Pituitary > Flashcards

Arroyo: Adrenals & Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal gland location

A

Superior border of each kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What layers can the adrenal gland be subdivided into?

A

Cortex (superficial) Medulla (inner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do? What hormone(s) does it secrete?

A
  • Cortex (superficial)
    • Stores lipids (esp. cholesterol and FAs)
    • Makes steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
      • Aldosterone - water retention
      • Cortisol - helps you deal with stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do? What hormone(s) does it secrete?

A
  • Medulla (inner)
    • Secretory activity controlled by sympathetic NS
    • Makes Epi and NE - enhance fight or flight
    • Metabolic changes persist for several minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa (outer)
  • Zona fasciculata (middle)
  • Zona reticularis (innermost)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Zona glomerulosa - what hormone(s) does it secrete? What do those hormone(s) do?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa (outermost)
    • Produces mineralocorticoids i.e. aldosterone
      • Aldosterone
        • Stimulates conservation of Na+ ions and elimination of K+ ions
        • ↑sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds
        • Secretion responds to
          • ↓blood Na+, BV, BP
          • ↑blood K+ concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zona fasciculata - what hormone(s) does it secrete? What do those hormone(s) do?

A
  • Zona fasciculata (middle)
    • Produces glucocorticoids i.e. cortisol with corticosterone
      • Liver converts cortisol to cortisone
      • Glucocorticoids accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
  • Show anti-inflammatory effects
    • Inhibit activities of WBCs and other components of immune system
    • Side effect of increased susceptibility to infection
  • Used to tx:
    • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Lupus
    • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Long-term use is contraindicated
    • Cushing’s disease-like effects
  • Secretion regulated by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
  • Inhibitory effect on production of
    • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus
    • ACTH in adenohypophysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zona reticularis - what hormone(s) does it secrete? What do those hormone(s) do?

A
  • Zona reticularis (innermost)
    • Network of endocrine cells
    • Forms narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla
    • Produces androgens under stimulation by ACTH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adrenal Cortex Disorders: Hypersecretion and Hyposecretion

A
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
    • Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
    • Signs/Symptoms: Re-distributed body obesity, “moon face,” “buffalo hump,” kidney stones, skin becomes fragile and thin
  • Addison Disease
    • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and sometimes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
    • Symptoms: Weight loss, general fatigue, hypotension, skin darkening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What tissues do Epi and NE target?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Adipose
  • Liver
  • Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the effects of adrenal medulla activation?

A

Epi & NE

  • Skeletal muscles
    • Trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves
    • Accelerate glucose breakdown to provide ATP
    • This combination increases muscular strength and endurance
  • Adipose tissue
    • Stored fats are broken down into FAs, which are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production
  • Liver
    • Glycogen molecules are broken down
      • Resulting glucose molecules are released into the bloodstream
      • Primarily for use by neural tissue, which cannot shift into FA metabolism
  • Heart
    • Stimulation of beta 1 receptors trigger an ↑in rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pancreas location

A

Lies between inferior border of stomach and proximal portion of small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of cells comprise the pancreas? What are the names of these cells?

A
  • Exocrine
    • Pancreatic acini
  • Endocrine
    • Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Exocrine vs. Endocrine pancreatic cells? What hormone(s) are secreted by each?

A
  • Exocrine
    • Pancreatic acini: clusters of exocrine gland cells
    • Takes up ~99% pancreatic volume
      • Gland and duct cells secrete alkaline, enzyme-rich fluid
      • Reaches lumen of digestive tract through a network of secretory ducts
  • Endocrine
    • Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans: clusters of endocrine gland cells
      • Alpha cells produce glucagon
      • Beta cells produce insulin
      • Delta cells produce peptide hormone identical to GH-IH
      • F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pancreas - Which cells release which hormones when blood glucose levels fluctuate?

A

Blood Glucose Levels

  • When levels rise
    • Beta cells secrete insulin, stimulating glucose transport across plasma membranes
  • When levels decline
    • Alpha cells secrete glucagon, stimulating glucose release by liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Insulin - released beta cells

  • Affects target cells
    • Accelerates glucose uptake
    • Accelerates glucose utilization and enhances ATP production
    • Stimulates glycogen formation
    • Stimulates amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
    • Stimulates triglyceride formation in adipose tissue
    • Inhibits adipocyte lipolysis
17
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Glucagon - released by alpha cells; mobilizes energy reserves

  • Affects target cells
    • Stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle and liver cells
    • Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
    • Stimulates production of glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis)
18
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Characterized by glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys
    • Hyperglycemia = abnormally high glucose levels in the blood
    • Glucose is in the urine, and urine volume generally becomes excessive (polyuria)
  • Most common non-communicable disease
  • High morbidity and mortality
  • Leading cause of blindness and kidney disease
19
Q

What are complications of untreated or poorly managed diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Kidney degeneration
    • Diabetic neuropathy - degenerative changes in kidneys, leading to kidney failure
  • Retinal damage
    • Diabetic retinopathy - proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at the retina = partial or complete blindness
  • Early heart attacks
    • May be caused by degenerative blockages in cardiac circulation
  • Peripheral nerve problems
    • Abnormal blood flow to neural tissues is probably responsible for a variety of neural problems with peripheral nerves, including abnormal autonomic function
      • AKA Diabetic Neuropathy
  • Peripheral nerve damage
    • ↓blood flow to distal portions of limbs, peripheral tissues may suffer as a result
      • Can lead to tissue death, ulceration, infection, loss of toes or major portion of one or both feet
20
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin-_Dependent_ Diabetes Mellitus - IDDM)

  • Characterized by inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells
  • Persons with T1DM require multiple insulin injections per day to live
  • Often develops around childhood
21
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Type 2 Diabetes (Insulin Independent Diabetes Mellitus - IIDM)

  • Most common form of diabetes mellitus
  • Most people with this form of diabetes produce normal amounts of insulin (at least initially) but they are insulin resistant
  • T2DM associated with obesity - weight loss via diet and exercise is effective tx
  • Age is most common cause - Arroyo
22
Q

What hormones are important for growth?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
    • Children - supports muscular and skeletal development
    • Adults - maintains normal blood glucose concentrations; mobilizes lipid reserves
  • Thyroid hormones
    • If absent during fetal development or 1st year
      • Nervous system fails to develop normally = mental retardation
    • If TH concentrations decline before puberty
      • Normal skeletal development will not continue
  • Insulin
    • Allows passage of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes
  • PTH and calcitriol
    • Promotes absorption of Ca2+ salts for deposition in bone
    • Inadequate levels cause weak and flexible bones
  • Reproductive hormones
    • Androgen in male; estrogen in female
    • Stimulate cell growth and differentiation in target tissues
    • Gender-related differences in
      • Skeletal proportions
      • Secondary sex characteristics
23
Q

What is the hormonal response to stress called? What are the various phases called?

A
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
    • AKA stress response - how body responds to stress-causing factors
    • Three phases
      • Alarm - fight or flight; immediate short-term response to crises
      • Resistance - long-term metabolic adjustment
      • Exhaustion - collapse of vital systems
24
Q

What effects can hormones have on behavior?

A
  • Alter intellectual capabilities, memory, learning, emotional status
  • Affect behavior when endocrine glands are over-/under-secreting
25
Q

What homonal changes may occur during aging?

A
  • Few functional changes
  • ↓concentration of growth hormone and reproductive hormones

DMD 5248 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions