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Upper Limb > Arm - Anatomy > Flashcards

Arm - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four components of the upper limb

A

Pectoral Gridle (shoulder)
The arm
The forearm
Hand

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2
Q

What does the pectoral gridle refer to

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Muscles that attach to these bones

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3
Q

Name the four joints of the upper limb

A

Glenohumeral joint
Elbow joint
Proximal and distal radioulnar joint
Radiocarpal joint

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4
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint

A

Shoulder joint

Synovial ball and socket joint

Formed by the articulation between the scapula and proximal humerus

Highly mobile

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5
Q

What is the elbow joint

A

Synovial hinge joint

Formed by articulations of the distal humerus with the ulna and radius

Allows for flexion and extension

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6
Q

What are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints

A

Synovial joints between the radius and ulnar

Allow for pronation and supination

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7
Q

What is the radiocarpal joint

A

Wrist joint

Synovial joint

Formed by the articulations between the distal radius and two carpal bones

Allows for flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

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8
Q

Define protraction

A

Anterior movement of the scapula

Reach arm out to push open a door

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9
Q

Define retraction

A

Posterior movement of the scapula

Squaring of the shoulders

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10
Q

What are the possible movements of the scapula

A

Protraction, retraction, elevation, depression and rotation

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11
Q

What are the possible movements of the shoulder joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial (internal) rotation, lateral (external) rotation and circumduction

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12
Q

What are the possible movements of the elbow joint

A

Flexion and extension

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13
Q

What are the possible movements of the radioulnar joint

A

Pronation (palm down), supination (palm up)

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14
Q

What are the possible movements of the wrist joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

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15
Q

What are the possible movements of the fingers

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

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16
Q

What is the shape of the clavicle

A

S-shaped
Slender

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17
Q

Where and with what does the clavicle articulate

A

Sternum at medial end - sternoclavicular notch

Acromion of the sternum at lateral end - acromioclavicular joint

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18
Q

What is the key purpose of the clavicle

A

Holds the limbs away from the trunk so it can move easily

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19
Q

What is the posterior surface ridge called on the scapula

A

Spine

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20
Q

What does the lateral end of the spine expand to form on the scapula

A

Acromion

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21
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Attached muscles

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22
Q

Name the shallow fossa on the lateral aspect of the scapula

A

Glenoid fossa

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23
Q

How is the range of movement increased at the shoulder

A

By the glenoid fossa being shallow and a poor fit for the humerus

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24
Q

What is the small projection superior of the glenoid fossa called

A

Supraglenoid tubercule

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25
Q

What is the small projection inferior of the glenoid fossa called

A

Infraglenoid tubercule

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26
Q

Where is the anatomical neck of the humerus

A

The groove of the head of the humerus

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27
Q

Where is the surgical neck of the humerus

A

Distal to the tubercules where the bone become narrow and continuous with the shaft

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28
Q

Define elevation

A

Shrugging shoulders

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29
Q

Define depression

A

Lowering the shoulders

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30
Q

Define rotation

A

Tilts the glenoid fossa cranially to aid elevation of the upper limb

For every 2 degrees of abduction of the shoulder
Scapula rotates 1 degrees

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31
Q

What is the key muscle involved in protraction of the scapula

A

Serratus anterior

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32
Q

What are the two large superficial muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi

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33
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi connect

A

Anterior aspect of the proximal humerus

NOT scapula

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34
Q

What are the names of the three smaller and deeper muscles of pectoral girdle

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

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35
Q

Where do the three smaller and deeper muscles of the pectoral girdle attach

A

Medial border of the scapula to the vertebral column

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36
Q

What movement is produced by the trapezius

A

Movement of scapula
Upper part - elevates
Middle part - retracts
Lower part - depresses

Rotates the scapula

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37
Q

What movement is produced by the latissimus dorsi

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus

38
Q

What movement is produces by the levator scapulae

A

Elevates the scapula

39
Q

What movement is produced by the rhomboid major

A

Retracts the scapula

40
Q

What movement is produced by the rhomboid minor

A

Retracts the scapula

41
Q

Where does the trapezius attach (origin)

A

Skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae

42
Q

Where does the trapezius attach (insertion)

A

Clavicle and scapula (spine and acromion)

43
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi attach (origin)

A

Lower thoracic vertebrae

44
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi attach (insertion)

A

Humerus - upper anterior

45
Q

Where does the levator scapulae attach (origin)

A

Upper cervical vertebrae

46
Q

Where does the levator scapulae attach (insertion)

A

Scapula - medial border

47
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor attach (origin)

A

C7 and T1

48
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor attach (insertion)

A

Scapula - medial border

49
Q

Where does the rhomboid major attach (origin)

A

Thoracic vertebrae

50
Q

Where does the rhomboid major attach (insertion)

A

Scapula - medial border

51
Q

What is the trapezius innervated by

A

11th cranial nerve - accessory nerve (more specifically its spinal root)

52
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi innervated by

A

Thoracodorsal nerve (branch of the brachial plexus)

53
Q

What are the six muscles which attach the scapula to the humerus

A

Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres major
Teres minor

54
Q

Which muscles part of the six muscles which attach the scapula to the humerus does not lie deep to the posterior scapular muscles (latissimus dorsi and trapezius)

A

Deltoid

55
Q

What does the rotator cuff provide

A

Vital stability to the shoulder joint

56
Q

What does the deltoid attach the humerus to

A

Attaches humerus to lateral part of the clavicle and to the spine of the scapula

57
Q

What movement can the deltoid not initiate

A

The first 20 degrees of abduction

58
Q

What movements can the deltoid do

A

Abduction
Flexion (anterior fibres)
Extension (posterior fibres)

59
Q

What is the deltoid innervated by

A

Axillary nerve

60
Q

Where does the teres major arise from and attach

A

Arise from posterior aspect of the scapula
Inserts into the anterior aspect of the humerus

61
Q

What movements do the teres major provide

A

Medial rotation
Adduction

62
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

63
Q

Where does the rotator cuff muscles attach

A

Scapula to the tubercules of the humerus

64
Q

Which muscles of the rotator cuff originate from the posterior surface of the scapula and insert into the greater tubercule

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

65
Q

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

Their tendons fuse with what that surrounds the shoulder joint

A

Fibrous capsule

66
Q

Where is the quadrilateral space

A

Above - teres minor
Below - teres major
Medial - long head triceps
Lateral - surgical neck of the humerus

67
Q

What travels through the quadrilateral space

A

Axillary nerve

Enters the posterior scapula region and innervate deltoid and teres minor

68
Q

Where does the subscapularis originate

A

Originate - anterior surface of scapula

69
Q

What is the action of the deltoid at the shoulder joint

A

Abduction beyond approx. 20 degrees

70
Q

Where is the origin of the deltoid

A

Spine and acromion (plus clavicle)

71
Q

Where is the insertion on the humerus of the deltoid

A

Deltoid tuberosity

72
Q

What is the teres major action at the shoulder joint

A

Medial rotation
Adduction

73
Q

Where is the teres major origin at the scapula

A

Posterior surface, inferior part of the lateral border

74
Q

Where does the teres major insert on the humerus

A

Anterior humerus

75
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus at the shoulder joint

A

First 20 degrees of abduction

76
Q

Where is the origin of the supraspinatus from the scapula

A

Supraspinous fossa

77
Q

Where is the insertion of the supraspinatus on the humerus

A

Greater tubercle - superior facet

78
Q

What is the action on the infraspinatus on the shoulder joint

A

Lateral rotation

79
Q

Where is the origin of the infraspinatus from the scapula

A

Infraspinatus fossa

80
Q

Where is the insertion on the humerus of the infraspinatus

A

Greater tubercle - middle facet

81
Q

What is the action of the teres minor at the shoulder joint

A

Lateral rotation

82
Q

Where is the origin of the teres minor from the scapula

A

Lateral border

83
Q

Where is the insertion of the teres minor on the humerus

A

Greater tubercle - inferior facet

84
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis at the shoulder joint

A

Medial rotation

85
Q

What is the origin of the subscapularis from the scapula

A

Subscapular fossa

86
Q

What is the insertion of the subscapularis on the humerus

A

Lesser tubercle

87
Q

Why is the supraspinatus clinically important

A

Travels from the supraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle it travels under the acromion

Tendon can become pinched - impingement

88
Q

How does the rotator cuff provide stability

A

Contraction holds the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid

Tendons fuse with the capsule of the shoulder joint

89
Q

What is the rim of the fibrocartilage around the margin of the glenoid fossa

A

Glenoid fossa

90
Q

What is the purpose of the glenoid fossa

A

Deepens the shallow fossa and aids stability

91
Q

What is the capsule (shoulder) reinforced by

A

Ligaments

92
Q

What structure which lies in the anterior arm reinforces the shoulder joint

A

Tendon of bicep brachii

Upper Limb (7 decks)

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