Arguments Flashcards
Define an Argument
When someone tries to persuade you to believe or do something and gives you reasons furthermore it is the intellectual process by which on presents reasons for holding beliefs
What are the two different types of arguments and their definitions
Deductive Arguments - conclusion necessarily follows.
non- deductive- even if premise is true conclusion doesn’t necessarily follow but it merely probable
Define an assertion
forceful claim for a belief made without providing reason for the claim
define description
a claim or series of claims that is made which may be true in context of its use
Define a premise
logically supports the conclusion it, it is a reason given in a argument for holding the conclusion as true or justified
Define conclusion
a claim, statement or propostion that an argument gives reasons for believing to show that it is true and justified
Define support
gives reasons for believing that the conclusion of the argument is true
What are premise indicators
since, as, because, for for the reason that, having established that, in the light of this evidence, in view of the fact that, given that
What is a proportions and the different types
Arguments are made of proportions.
proportions have truth value.
There are simple proportions which don’t contain other propostions as component parts.
compound propostion which do contain other propostions
What is a single support argument
only one support for conclusion
Joint support argument
two premises but premise one doesnt provide a reason for conclusion with premise two
independent support
the conclusion is the statement
it does not need another premise or is not needed by another premise to support the conclusion
Extended argument
an argument within an argument
What is enthymemes
missing premise or conclusion.
It is not necessary to say everything to our listeners
What is the principle of charity
given two or more possible interpretations, apply the most plausible
Deductive argument
it is asserted that the premisses provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion
deduction is a form of inference in which it is claimed that the conclusion which the propositions inferred is conclusively established by the premises
what’s the difference between a valid and sound deductive argument
valid- conclusion follows premesie but premise could be false
sound- conclusion follows premise and premise is sound
What is an inductive argument
even if the premise is true the conclusion doesn’t follow the
necessarily premise. rather the conclusion follows from the premises with a high degree of probability
What is a deductively valid
if the assumption that the premises are all true guarantees that the conclusion is true.
conclusion follows premise- valid
non deductively strong
if the assumption that the premises are all true doesn’t guarantee the truth of the conclusion, but does make the truth of the conclusion more probable than not- strong
What are different types of non deductive arguments
1) Inductive arguments
Inductive generalizations
Inductions to the next instance
(2) Analogical arguments
Argument by or from analogy
(3) Abductive arguments
Inference to the best explanation
Define relevance
Evidence that if true increases the likelihood that a proposition being defended is true
Define Adequacy
there is adequacy when the evidence is sufficient to establish a conclusion
Define a good argument
deductive valid or non deductively strong and premises are true
What makes an argument logically satisfactory
(a) the premises support the conclusion, and
(b) we are justified in believing that the premises are true
