Argumentative Paper Test Flashcards
General method:
- Introduction
- Statement of the case
- Refutation
- Confirmation
- Digression
- Conclusion
ISRCDC
Refutation
Examine and refute opposing arguments. Whenever possible expose faulty reasoning
Avoid…
Avoid logical fallacies
Arrange points in order of:
- Second most important point
- Point of lesser importance
- Point if lesser importance
- Most important point
The three persuasive appeals:
By Aristotle,
Logos
Pathos
Ethos
Logos
The appeal to reason
Pathos
The appeal to emotion
Ethos
The persuasive appeal to one’s character
Assertion:
Any statement a speaker or writer means to be taken for true
All…____
All statements in arguments are assertions, but not all assertions are arguments
Premise:
The evidence upon which a piece of reasoning is based
How can you support an argument?
Facts
Statistics
Quotes/expert testimony
Examples
Facts:
A powerful means of convincing
Statistics
These can provide excellent support.
Quotes/expert testimony
Direct quotes from experts arguing your side is invaluable
Examples:
Enhance your meaning and make your ideas concrete. They are the proof
A truth:
“Truth” is an idea believed by many people, but cannot be proven
Inductive reasoning:
List all of the known facts, data, evidence, relevant support and use it to reach a conclusion
Deductive reasoning:
Consider a situation or condition, then analyze and evaluate all of the known evidence, facts, and data to explain the condition
Ad hominem (against the man)
the person is being attacked instead of the issue thats argued or discussed
Doubtful cause (post hoc)
A conclusion is made based on the sequence or proximity of events, rather than a real cause-and-effect relationship
False Analogy
An analogy is a comparison, but often comparisons are made between unlike things
False dilemma
known as the black-and-white fallacy
the arguer proposes a situation as “either or” when there may be several possible outcomes.
Faulting emotional appeals
Appealing to the emotions and values of the audience is important however, they should not detract from the argument or be irrelevant they should not use a negative emotion.
Hasty generalizations
A conclusion is drawn based on insufficient evidence.
These conclusions are usually prejudice or based on incorrect cause-and-effect relationship
Slippery slope
Occurs when a writer takes a bad short cut and predicts that when a first step is taken, then a second inevitable situation will occur
Tradition
Simply because something has existed for a long time does not relieve the writer of explaining the reasoning, the “why” behind it
Two Wrongs Make a Right
The issue is lost when this logical fallacy is used
Ex. “18 year old can smoke so that means they should be able to drink”
Argumentum ad populum
Bandwagon
“Don’t be left out! Buy our Chevette today!”
Argumentum ad Vericundiam
Appeal to authority
Joe Namath selling pantyhose; Joe DiMaggio selling Mr. Coffee
Begging the question
The reasoning is circular
2 purposes of a research paper
To analyze
To argue
Analyze
Uses evidence to analyze facets of an issue
Guided by a research question
To argue
To Use evidence to convince the reader of a particular stance on a debatable topic
Guided by a thesis
Differences between arguing and analyzing
The thesis in the argumentative paper as compared to the research question in the analytical paper
Features of a thesis
One to two sentences
Argues one point-doesn’t squeeze more than one thesis into one paper
an outline
An outline reflects logical thinking and clear classification
Brainstorm:
List all the ideas that you want to include in your paper
An outline has a balanced structure based on the following principles
Parallelism
Coordination
Subordination
Division
