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cognitive PSY1004 > areas to improve cog > Flashcards

areas to improve cog Flashcards

1
Q

aim of structuralism in psychology and who was involved

A

to investigate consciousness using response times and introspection
wundt - train participants and showed scientific investigation but was limited to conscious mind

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2
Q

miller’s contribution to psych

A

came up with idea that memory is 7+/-2
to further memory, must be recorded into larger/abstract units as memory is active

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3
Q

relation of artificial intelligence and the computer analogy

A

simon and newell’s logic theorist was first ai programme
computers modelled after logic processes thought to underlie condition
brains are more powerful

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4
Q

the forgetting curve- who, how it was created and formula

A

ebbinghaus
derived from time needed to remember nonsense syllables
“savings measure” → savings = (original time taken to learn) - (time to relearn)

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5
Q

structural vs process models vs resource

A

s- brain structures to simplify and representation
p- mental processes- boxes, not brain structures
r - focus on mental effort/resource needed - for capacity problems

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6
Q

example of resource model

A

wicken’s multitasking
is 3d
1st dimension - stages of processing (perception, processing and responding so resources for intake and action)
2nd - codes of processing (like spatial and linguistic)
3rd - modalities (audio visual)

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7
Q

structuralism vs functionalism

A

s - explains function by adding up hypothesised units
f - expands s. understand how mental operations work - how can can adapt to environment

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8
Q

william james and attention

A

created concept of input storage and retrieval
attention is taking possession of the mind. attention needs withdrawal from other things to deal effectively

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9
Q

explain selective attention

A

leads to perception and decision
why we miss details in environment

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10
Q

what is broadbent’s model process
and how it works

A

input - filter - detector - memory
sensory memory store
working memory system to identify material

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11
Q

what did chomsky say about language

A

cannot be behaviourism
uninforced bad grammar stage
construct new sentences
must be deeper level

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12
Q

significance of peterson’s PET study (semantic association)

A

applied donders subtraction
must name verb associated with object
left frontal side of brain associated with semantic association. rear central is selection of action

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13
Q

explain the concept of nerve nets

A

originally all neurons were interconnected for non-stop communication and physical connection
roman y cajal argued individual cells that transmit in the nervous system with small neurocircuits. used golgi stain technique to see connected units

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14
Q

what are feature detectors, where are they mostly located and how does it relate to processing

A

occipital lobe for more basic info, then temporal to categorise such as the fusiform gyrus and the FFA
experience plasticity
perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of stimulus

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15
Q

what is sparse coding

A

representation by firing a small gorup whilst most are silent, may be some overlap for those that rep different faces
uses fewer neurons

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16
Q

what is population coding

A

representing stimuli by pattern of many neurons
X for several faces that fire in different patterns

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17
Q

specificity coding

A

representation with specifically tuned neurons to respond only to specific stimulus
not practical - too many stimuli

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18
Q

broca’s area vs wernicke’s

A

b - frontal lobe, speech, has motor memories
w - temporal, language comprehension

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19
Q

Which imaging method shows brain activity by measuring blood flow changes during cognitive tasks

A

fMRI shows brain activity because the blood releases oxygen to working areas, therefore iron becomes more magnetic - more light. is indirect method

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20
Q

what is distributed representation

A

cog functions activate many areas of the brain - this idea can complement localisation

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21
Q

what is TMS

A

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) - non invasive method that stimulates or inhibits brain regions. magnetic coil is near the head and induces electrical currents without discomfort and can map cognitive functions

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22
Q

describe husel and weisels experiment

A
  • used cats visual cortex, electrical signals from visual system showing stimuli on screen
    show how neurons specifically respond to environment
  • found feature detectors
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23
Q

explain double dissociations and their importance

A

damage to one brain area suggests absence of a and functional b. shows how brain functions are connected but operate independently

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24
Q

the cerebral cortex and processing

A

is higher order processing for more complex concepts
closer to skull so highly sensitive to damage

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25
what is EEG and why is it helpful
electrical activity non-invasive using cap event related potentials measures synchony and activity
26
what is a voxel
small cube shaped area in brain imaging studies like fmri
27
vental vs dorsal pathways
ventral - what, down - temporal for perception and categorisation dorsal - where, up, parietal for perception and action
28
what are the gestalt principles
patterns based of intrinsic laws figure ground - distinction between object and background good continuation - assumption of lines and smoothest path pragnanz - simplicity or good figure, patterns similarity - similar = grouped together
29
what are bayesian inferences
ones estimation of a probability is influenced by prior probability and likelihood of given outcome
30
what is helmholtz's unconscious inference
addressing visual ambiguity - perception as a result of unconscious assumptions about the environment - use knowledge
31
what are constructivist theories
top down processing starts in the brain - actively make perceptions based on expectations
32
what are semantic regularities
characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes
33
why is it so hard for computers to copy human perception
inverse projection - objects far away or at diff angles can create similar images on the retina, we can differenciate determining object responsible - start with retinal image then extend computers see via edges and dont fill in missing gaps photos within photos viewpoint invarience - have multiple povs of objects
34
what is experience-dependent plasticity
mechanism through with the structure of the brain is changed by experience
35
difference between bayesian and gestalt
b - top down use of knowledge in perception g - built in perceptual principles
36
pain perception - top down and bottom up
bottom up - stimulation of receptors top down - management. pain influenced by expectations, attention and distraction
37
results of moray's dichotic listening
couldnt report unattended message but were aware there was one - was still some processing of identity, change in voice or tone
38
anne treisman's attenuation model
an attenuator gives more weight to attended message but does not complete discard unattended - not all or nothing dictionary unit contains threshold for activation
39
how does broadbent's bottleneck model work and its limitations
early selection filters message before incoming info is analyses (not gradual decay) filter only lets attended features pass filter identifies message detector - passes all info to determine higher characteristics can't explain cocktail party
40
what are flanker tasks
flanker - distraction degree of distraction/selective attention is measured in reaction time when flankers are similar/compatible reaction time is better
41
overt vs covert spatial attention
overt - shifting attention by moving eyes (includes saccadic)and accounts for environment and top down goals covert - shift without moving eyes
42
load theory of attentionand distraction
level of distraction determined by perceptual load of task and power of distracting stimulus
43
effect of cognitive load on selection
high cog load makes late selection less efficient and frontal lobe resources are taken up frontal lobe needed for keeping things in mind and as a filter
44
mcKays study on attention and findings
attended ear - ambiguous sentence other - words that may contextualise meaning of biasing word affect choice but were unaware or presentation (Unconscious bias)
45
processing capacity vs perceptual load
capacity - how much info a person can handle at once load - amount of cog resources used on a task
46
schneider and shiffrin's contribution to attention
used memory frames - improved with practice automatic processing - occurs without intention and uses less resources
47
what is treisman's binding problem
features such as colour, form, motion and location combining to create perception of an object
48
feature attention theory
every object has multiple features that need to be integrated preattentive stage - automatic before perception, unconscious focused attention stage - features combine into object
49
executive control and location
coordinates processes in prefrontal cortex and uses attention - in parietal
50
hyperscanning
measuring brain signals of two+ people simultaneously to relate them to each other
51
vocal learning
ability to imitate and learn vocalisations which don't initially belong to us
52
universality of language
is critical for quality of human live and the drive to communicate is innate in atypical and typically developing children even in abuse and when deaf
53
tip of the tongue phenomenon
when you know what you want to say but can’t recall the phonological structure automatically.
54
syntactic processing
understanding the relations between words and how to order them
55
parsing
grouping of words into phrases and is central to determining meaning in sentences
56
what is psycholinguistics and what are they interested in
psych processes behind aquiring language comprehension, production, representaion and aquistition
57
what is a lexical decision task
more common words and words predicted by context have faster response time
58
sapir-whorf hypothesis (culture)
depending on culture you may have different language and cognitive categories - the nature of a cultures language influence the way people think
59
what is needed for conversations
TOM - making inferences syntactic coordination - similar grammar priming - hearing sentence with construction - likely to be repeated
60
what is the primary loss of short term memory
decay
61
types of interference memory
proactive - previous interferes with new - such as with languages retroactive - new interferes with existing - disrupting recall of old
62
baddeley's working memory model
phonological loop - holds verbal and auditory infor for a few seconds, and has rehearsal process to prevent decay visuospatial sketch pad - spatial and visual info in mind central executive- attention controller and accesses LTM
63
hippocampus location
temporal lobe
64
what is the serial position curve
distinction between short and long term memory - is better for the beginning (primacy) and end of lists (recency)
65
explain sensory memory
holds for seconds retention of effect iconic- visual echoic - sound
66
what does implicit and non-declaritive memory have in common
learning from experience not accompanied by conscious remembering of acquisition
67
what is encoding specificity
info stored with context
68
what is cryptomnesia
unconscious plagiarism of anothers work due to a lack of recognition of its original source
69
how does sleep improve consolidation
prevents environmental stimuli contaminating emotional memories benefit more - salience tags are attached in and after encoding
70
fast and slow consolidation
fast - structural change at synapses slow - systems and gradual reorganisation of neural circuits
71
war of the ghosts
participants remember story from different culture and have to keep repeating - over time stories get shorter and more aligned with own culture
72
memory vs knowledge
k - possession of knowledge - learning is acquiring knowledge m - part of learning and ability to retain
73
what does conceptual knowledge do
enables us to recognise objects and to make inferences using knowledge
74
exemplar approach vs prototype approach
e - multiple examples of actual members not abstract p - average representation of the typical member of a category
75
cognitive economy in semantic networks
shared properties are only stored at higher level nodes and exceptions are at lower nodes
76
collins and quillians hierarchical model (semantic networks)
concepts in networks to show how they are organised concepts are links uses spreading activation (arousal level of a node) which primes others can't explain typicality effects
77
the connectionist model
uses parallel distributed processing knowledge represented in activity of many units synaptic weight determine nearby activation concepts represented by patterns of activity
78
embodied approach
learning and conceptualisation based on experiences concepts - reactivation of sensory and motor processes has mirror neurons and semantic somatotopy (correspondence between words related to body and that location activating)
79
what is the hub and spoke model
hub - anterior temporal lobe spoke - areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions and features like sound or image agrees that conceptual knowledge depends on a distributed network
80
parallel distributed processing
neurons acts in parallel and each individual network connection is spread out and has the storage of many different items of info
81
limbic system's role in the emotion network (and what happens when damaged)
hypothalamus - homeostasis amygdala - emotion (damage = remember good or bas but cannot assign value and response) hippocampus - memory conversion (damage = fear response but don't know why)
82
what structures recognise disgust
basal ganglia and insular cortex
83
circumplex model and geneva emotion wheel - emotions
circumplex - defined on arousal and valence may be represented in the brain amygdala for intensity and orbital frontal cortex for good and bad geneva - categorised by pleasantness and control
84
goal of evaluative conditioning
ads valance - degree is how good or bad
85
what is the papez circuit (emotion)
begins with hippocampus, linked to mammilary bodies then thalamus - will return to hippocampus for memory function and emotion processing
86
what are cognitive appraisals (emotions)
thinking or reasoning about emotion
87
guildfords creativity test
alternate use test
88
savant syndrome
savant skills - extroadinary skills in everyone but not acessible to conscious awareness lack of inhibition linked to damage in anterior temporal lobe - think outside the box
89
analogical paradox
difficult to apply in the lab but often used in real life
90
what is the problem solving process
problem genderation problem formulation problem solving solution implementation
91
what is most used to study the temporal aspects of human cognitive function
ERPs and reaction times
92
display size effect
seen in conjunction searches reaction times are longer the more elements that are displayed at once
93
spotlight of attention
is analogous (comparable) to visual focus
94
anterograde vs retrograde amnesia
anterograde - difficulty remembered events after trauma retrograde - difficulty remembering events before trauma
95
what is tdcs
positive and negative simulation non-invasive and painless more generalised apply during tested battery powered
96
role of illegal and illegal intoxicants
painkillers -depress whole cns (nSAIDS block prostoglandin production, paracetemol block recepotrs) caffeine mimics adeonsine nicotine releases dopamine and adreneline hallucinongins target serotonin receptors cocaine - restricts blood vessels
97
washoe vs nim chimpsky
was - 1st non human to use asl, 350 signs and new combos, showed empathy and understanding nim - sterile lab, 125 signs, not creative
98
what is the gene for language function
FOXP2 mutations correlate with brain abnormalities
99

cognitive PSY1004 (3 decks)

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