Area Of Study 2: Crime

Question 1

what is crime?

Answer 1

An act that violates written laws of society which are enacted by local state/territory or federal governments and enforced through sanctions. Also analysing the broader social and cultural factors that relate to the creation of laws and application of punishment.

Question 2

what is punishment:

Answer 2

the process whereby someone faces a penalty as retribution for an offence they have committed: it could be physical (such as being withheld in prison) or financial (such as a fine).

Question 3

What is a Functionalist point of view in crime?

Answer 3

Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory asserts that a controlled level of crime is essential for society as it allows for the reinforcement of shared values and norms through punishment, thereby restoring social cohesion and stability.

Question 4

How do conflict theorists seen crime as?

Answer 4

conflict theory examines the societal factors influencing an individual’s likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior, viewing them not as essential functions but as indicators of inequality and social problems that must be addressed to prevent crime.

Question 5

what are the five types of crime

Answer 5

Crimes against a person
Crimes against property
Victimless crimes
White-collar crime
Corporate crime

Question 6

Which gender would more likely commit crime?

Answer 6

Male: Because of gender roles

Question 7

Which age group would more likely commit crime?

Answer 7

Youth: peer influences, life transition and opportunites

Question 8

Which SES group would more likely commit crime?

Answer 8

Low SES: low income, drug use

Question 9

What is reintegrative shaming?

Answer 9

It is a form of ‘public shaming’ that not only holds an offender accountable, but also aims to facilitate their inclusion back into the community.

Question 10

What are the two types of shaming?

Answer 10

Stigmatisation
Reintegrative shaming

Question 11

What is stigmatisation shaming?

Answer 11

It is focused on humiliation of the perp to label them and their action as bad.
Leads the offender to be marked as an outcast, this can be detrimental to the offender (labelling theory)

Question 12

what is reintegrative shaming?

Answer 12

Acknowledging that the behaviour is bad, however the individual isn’t. The offender can receive forgiveness

Question 13

what is reintegration?

Answer 13

The process of bringing an offender back into society.

Question 14

What does Braithwaite’s theory of integrative shaming state?

Answer 14

Braithwaite’s theory recognises that stigmatising individuals solely based on their deviant behavior can lead to the creation of a deviant identity. Reintegrative shaming aims to avoid this outcome by emphasising that the behavior is deviant but not defining the individual’s entire identity. (prefers this)
He argues that methods used in today’s social justice does not fulfill the aims of rehabilitation.

Question 15

what is ‘crime against the person’?

Answer 15

Harming or intimidating others, which may result in physical or non-physical harm, including threats, harassment, or restricting their freedoms.

Question 16

what is ‘crimes against property’?

Answer 16

Actions meant to harm or destroy property, like damaging homes, businesses, or land, or engaging in burglary or vehicle theft.

Question 17

what is ‘victimless crimes’?

Answer 17

Crimes where everyone involved agrees to the illegal activity, and no one gets hurt in the process. sex work

Question 18

what is ‘white-collar crime’?

Answer 18

non-violent economic crimes including fraud and embezzlement that were originally perpetrated by office workers and professionals in the middle class against business.

Question 19

what is ‘corporate crime’?

Answer 19

criminal acts carried out by corporations. These could be related to paperwork, non-compliance, pollution, tax violations, working conditions, hiring practices, product safety, false advertising, etc.

Question 20

what are 4 sociological factors that lead to crime?

Answer 20

Poverty
Addiction
Rebellion
Abuse

Question 21

what is poverty and how does it lead to crime?

Answer 21

state of deprivation where individuals or families lack the resources necessary for a minimum standard of living, preventing them from meeting their basic needs.
Economic Strain: Financial stress and difficulty meeting basic needs can lead to feelings of desperation, making individuals more susceptible to engaging in criminal acts to survive.

Question 22

what is addiction and how does it lead to crime?

Answer 22

Addiction refers to a chronic and compulsive dependency on a substance or behavior, characterised by a loss of control and negative consequences.
Desperation for resources: addiction can lead individuals to commit crimes to support their habits. For instance, drug addicts may resort to theft, robbery, or drug dealing to obtain money for drugs.

Question 23

what is rebellion and how does it lead to crime?

Answer 23

Rebellion refers to intentional acts of defiance or resistance against established authority figures, societal norms, or power structures.

Escalation: The desire to make a significant impact or attract attention to a cause can drive individuals to engage in actions that cross legal boundaries.

Frustration: Lack of progress or systemic resistance to change can lead to frustration, prompting activists to resort to more drastic actions.

Question 24

what is abuse and how does it lead to crime?

Answer 24

Abuse encompasses various forms of harmful behaviors that one individual inflicts upon another, leading to physical or psychological pain and distress

Learned Behaviour: Victims of abuse might internalise patterns of behavior they’ve witnessed, perpetuating a cycle of violence and abuse.

Question 25

what is international crime?

Answer 25

refers to the unlawful activities that cross national borders and have a significant impact on multiple countries or the international community as a whole.

Question 26

what are the types of international crime?

Answer 26

transnational crime: illegal activities crossing borders, drug trafficking
crimes against humanity
war crimes
terrorism
cyber crime

Question 27

what is the crime against humanity?

Answer 27

systematic and widespread atrocities committed against civilians often during armed conflicts.

Question 28

what are some key aspects of international law?

Answer 28

• Maintain peace and security
• Resolving disputes
  Promoting human rights

Question 29

what is the UN?

Answer 29

International organisation with the mission to promote peace, security and cooperations and development among nations.

Question 30

What are two role of UN?

Answer 30

The promote campaigns and initiatives to raise awareness about the prevention of international crimes

Provides humanitarian assistance to victims of international crimes.