Area 2 - Open Channel Flashcards

PART 4: Objective type on open channels

1
Q

a conduit in which liquid flows with a free surface

A

open channel

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2
Q

a type of flow having a free surface and subjected to atmospheric pressure.

A

open channel flow

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3
Q

a type of flow confined in a closed conduit, has no free surface and exerts no direct pressure but hydraulic pressure only

A

pipe flow

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4
Q

if the depth of flow does not change or if it can be assumed to be constant during the time interval under consideration

A

steady flow

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5
Q

it is a flow that changes with time

A

unsteady flow

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6
Q

if the depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel

A

uniform flow

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7
Q

uniform flow is also referred to as _____. fundamental type of flow in open channels hydraulics

A

steady uniform flow

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8
Q

if the depth of flow changes along the length of the channel

A

varied or non-uniform flow

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9
Q

varied or non-uniform flow is also known as ______, where water runs in or out along the course of flow.

A

spatially varied or discontinuous flow

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10
Q

example of varied or non uniform flow

A

roadside gutters, side-channel spillways, washwater trough in filters, effluent channels around sewage-treatment tanks

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11
Q

specific energy equation (Froude no. = 1)

A

critical flow

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12
Q

factors that affect open channel flow

A

viscosity, gravity

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13
Q

together with gravity, they are the factor that basically affect open-channel flow

A

viscosity

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14
Q

what are the types of flow in terms of the effect of viscosity relative to inertia.

A

laminar, turbulent, transitional

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15
Q

water particles appear to move in definite, smooth paths, or streamlines; and extremely thin layers of fluid slide over adjacent layers

A

laminar

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16
Q

viscuous forces are weak relative to inertial forces; water particles move in irregular paths which are neither smooth nor fixed

A

turbulent

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17
Q

the effect of viscosity relative to inertia can be represented by the

A

reynold’s number

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18
Q

if the depth of flow is taken as the characteristic length, R < 500

A

laminar flow

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19
Q

if the depth of flow is taken as the characteristic length, R > 2000

A

turbulent flow

20
Q

if the depth of flow is taken as the characteristic length, 500 < R > 2000

A

transitional flow

21
Q

Its effect on the state is represented by a ratio of inertial forces to gravity forces, given by Froude number

A

gravity

22
Q

the value of F, if the the flow is critical

A

F = 1

23
Q

the value of F, if the flow is supercritical (inertial force is dominant; the flow is rapid, has high velocity, and has torrential shooting)

A

F > 1

24
Q

the value of F, if the flow is subcritical (gravity force is more pronounced; the flow is tranquil, has low velocity, and is streamlined)

A

F < 1

25
Q

a kind of open channel that includes all watercourses that exist naturally on the earth. eg. underground stream, rivulets

A

natural

26
Q

a kind of open channel that is constructed or developed by human. eg. flumes, power canals, chutes, spillways

A

artificial

27
Q

usually a long and mild-sloped channel built in the ground which may be lined or unlined

A

canal

28
Q

it is a channel made of wood, metel, or concrete supportedabove the surface of the ground to carry water across a depression

A

flume

29
Q

a channel having a steep slope

A

chute

30
Q

a covered channel of comparatively short length installed to drain water trough a highway and railroad embnkments

A

culvert

31
Q

comparatively long covered channel used to carry water through a hill or any obstruction on the ground

A

open-channel tunnel

32
Q

according to channel geometry

A

prismatic and non-prismatic channel

33
Q

it is the vertical distance of the lowest point of a channel section from the free surface

A

depth of flow

34
Q

it is the width of channel section at the free surface

A

top width (T)

35
Q

it is the cross-sectional area of the flow normal to the direction of flow

A

water area (A)

36
Q

the length of the line of intersection of the channel wetted surface with a cross-sectional plane normal to the direction of flow

A

wetted perimeter

37
Q

ratio of water to its wetted perimeter

A

hydraulic radius

38
Q

ratio of water area to the top width

A

hydraulic depth

39
Q

ratio of the dry weight of soil particles to the weight of an equal volume of water

A

real specific gravity

40
Q

the moisture content of the soil when the gravitational water has been removed

A

field capacity

41
Q

these are pipelines built on or near the ground surface that convey water across wide depressions

A

inverted siphons

42
Q

subsurface drain system wherein laterals join the submain on both sides alternately

A

herringbone

43
Q

it is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of soil

A

porosity

44
Q

it is the water retained about individual soil particles by molecular action and can be removed only by heating

A

hygroscopic water

45
Q

it refers to the composite parts of the irrigation system that divert water from natural bodies of water such as rivers, streams, and lakes

A

headworks

46
Q
A