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AREA 2 > Area 2 - Hydrology, Irrigation & Drainage, SWCE > Flashcards

Area 2 - Hydrology, Irrigation & Drainage, SWCE Flashcards

PART 3: Objective type under bloodied knife- disguised as soil and water, irrigation

1
Q

Hydraulics: Basic equation

A
  1. Continuity Equation
  2. Energy Equation
  3. Momentum Equation
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2
Q

Flow classification under hydraulics

A
  1. time as the criterion
  2. space as the criterion
  3. based on flow regimes
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3
Q

Types of channel

A
  1. original-based
  2. geometry-based
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4
Q

The physical removal of topsoil by various agents. The process of detachment and transport of soil particles.

A

soil erosion

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5
Q

Formula for design peak runoff

A

q=CiA or q=0.0028CiA

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6
Q

Formula for runoff volume estimation

A

Q=0.5qT

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7
Q

Maximum wind speed of 30-34 kph

A

tropical depression

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8
Q

maximum wind speed of 65-117 kph

A

tropical storm

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9
Q

maximum wind speed of >117 kph

A

typhoon

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10
Q

SW monsoon

A

habagat

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11
Q

Characteristics of raindtorm

A
  1. intensity
  2. duration
  3. area extent
  4. frequency
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12
Q

NE monsoon

A

amihan

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13
Q

Probability that a T-year storm may occur in any series of N-years

A

P exceedance= 1-(1- 1/T) ^N

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14
Q

Flow measuring devices/structures

A

weirs, parshal flume, orifice, trajectory

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15
Q

Probability that a T-year storm may not occur in any series of N-years

A

P non-exceedance = (1- 1/T)^ N

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16
Q

Probabilistic analysis of hydrologic processes

A

hydrologic frequency analysis

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17
Q

Undergoes continuous change in T

A

Hydrologic process

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18
Q

Definite law of certainty exists

A

deterministic process

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19
Q

Chance phenomena, cannot be readily identified, time independent

A

probabilistic process

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20
Q

Chance, time dependent

A

stochastic process

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21
Q

Gumbel distribution

A

XT=M+S (0.78 lnT-0.45)

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22
Q

Flow over a surface

A

runoff

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23
Q

Drainage after it reaches a defined channel

A

streamflow

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24
Q

travels over the ground surface

A

surface runoff

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25
Q
  1. Infiltration excess overland flow
  2. Saturation excess overland flow
A

types of surface runoff

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26
Q

Part of precipitation, which infiltrates into the soil surface and moves laterally through the upper soil horizons towards thee streams

A

interflow

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27
Q

ground discharge into a stream due to deep percolation of the infiltrated water into groundwater aquifer

A

groundwater runoff

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28
Q

surface runoff that flows over the surface towards stream channel

A

overland flow

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29
Q

surface runoff

A

direct runoff

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30
Q

interflow

A

subsurface runoff, through flow

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31
Q

groundwater runoff

A

base flow

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32
Q

factors affecting runoff

A
  1. climatic factors
  2. physiological factors
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33
Q

record of the highest stage at a stream

A

crest stage gage

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34
Q

record the pressure required to maintain a small flow of gas

A

bubbler gage

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35
Q

motion of a float is recorded on a graph

A

float-type water stage recorder

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36
Q

discharge measurement

A

float method, current meter

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37
Q

caused by a raindrop

A

splash/ raindrop erosion

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38
Q

thin film of soil layer detached and transported by water flowing

A

sheet erosion

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39
Q

combination of splash and sheet erosion

A

interrill erosion

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40
Q

finger-like rills appear on the soil surface

A

rill erosion

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41
Q

advanced rills, rills that developed in size

A

gully erosion

42
Q

erosion of stream bank by flowing water

A

stream bank erosion

43
Q

caused by waves

A

coastal erosion

44
Q

land slides and slips due to saturation of steep hills and slopes

A

slip erosion

45
Q

universal soil loss equation

A

A = R x K x LS x C x P

46
Q

erosion control: vegetative measures

A
  1. reforestation,
  2. agroforestation,
  3. strip ropping,
  4. mulching,
  5. contour cultivation,
  6. cropping system
47
Q

erosion control: engineering measures

A
  1. terracing,
  2. grassed waterways,
  3. check dams/ weirs,
  4. farm ponds/ water impounding dams,
  5. diversion canal,
  6. gabion,
  7. riprap,
  8. stone walls
48
Q

suited for 2:1 slope or less

A

riprap

49
Q

contours that cuts into the hill slope in a step-like formation

A

bench

50
Q

bench slope

A

25-30%

51
Q

for maximum soil and water conservation

A

zingg/ conservation bench terrace

52
Q

zingg/ conservation bench terrace slope

A

9-24%

53
Q

2 types of broad-based terrace

A
  1. graded/ channel type
  2. level/ridge type
54
Q

open channels protected with suitable grasses along the slope and act as outlet for terraces

A

grassed waterways

55
Q

conservation structures

A
  1. drop structure
  2. chute spillways
  3. vengineering
56
Q

discharge is constant with respect to time

A

steady flow

57
Q

discharge in not constant with respect to time

A

unsteady flow

58
Q

depth of flow is the same at every section of the prismatic channel

A

uniform flow

59
Q

depth changes along the length of channel

A

varied flow

60
Q

if the depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance (such as hydraulic jump)

A

rapidly varied flow

61
Q

if the depth changes smoothly over a distance

A

gradually varied flow

62
Q

Fr =1

A

critical flow

63
Q

Fr > 1

A

supercritical flow

64
Q

Fr < 1

A

subcritical flow

65
Q

fluid moves in parallel with no cross-currents, Re < 2000

A

laminar flow

66
Q

pulsatory cross-current velocity, Re > 4000

A

turbulent flow

67
Q

special case of flow discharge with distance along the channel

A

spatially variable flow

68
Q

to measure the flow in a large river, the river is usually divided into sections

A

direct method

69
Q

use of orifice, weir, flume, and other control structures

A

indirect method

70
Q

formula for free discharge orifice

A

Q = cA sqrt of 2gh

71
Q

formula for rectangular weirs

A

Q = 1.84 LH ^(3/2) or
Q = 1.84 (L-0.20H) H^(3/2)

72
Q

formula for triangular weirs

A

Q = 1.42H^(5/2)

73
Q

Trapezoidal weir (cipolletti)

A

Q = 1.86LH^(3/2)

74
Q

magnitude of floods, design of structure (drainage canals, flood spillways, and culverts)

A

peak flow (qp)

75
Q

flood warning time, watershed response, water quality

A

time to peak (tp)

76
Q

total water yield from a storm for a given watershed

A

runoff volume (v)

77
Q

time for surface flow and interflow to reced, duration of flooding

A

recession time (tr)

78
Q

tp + tr

A

base time (tb)

79
Q

low flow, dependable flow, groundwater recharge

A

base flow (bf)

80
Q

passage of water into soil surface

A

infiltration

81
Q

process by which precipitation reaching the earth’s surface is returned to the atmosphere

A

evapotranspiration

82
Q

movement of water through the phreatic zone

A

groundwater flow

83
Q

geologic formation containing water in its voids/ pores that maybe extracted economically and used as water supply

A

aquifer

84
Q

confined under pressure grater than atmospheric by overlaying impermeable strata, aka artesian/ pressure aquifer

A

confined aquifer

85
Q

water table serves as the upper surface of the zone of saturation, aka free phreatic/non-artesian aquifer

A

unconfined aquifer

86
Q

exist when the piezometric surface lies above the ground

A

flowing artesian well

87
Q

completely obstructs the flow of groundwater

A

aquiclude

88
Q

impervious and semi confined nature which transmits water at a very slow rate

A

aquitard

89
Q

the ability of the soil to transmit water

A

hydraulic conductivity

90
Q

velocity through the void spaces obtained by dividing the average velocity by the porosity

A

seepage velocity

91
Q

to make a liquid or gas pass through a porous substance, vertical subsurface movement of water

A

percolation

92
Q

runoff paths

A
  1. through flow
  2. overland flow
  3. groundwater flow
93
Q

a gradual process in liquid which something is changed from liquid

A

evaporation

94
Q

a process by which vapor lose heat and changes into a liquid

A

condensation

95
Q

rain, snow, or hail, all of which are formed by condensation of moisture in the atmosphere and fall to the ground

A

precipitation

96
Q

a chemical process in which a solid substance is converted into a gas directly, without passing through an intermediate liquid phase

A

sublimation

97
Q

the horizontal transfer of a property such as heat, caused by air movement

A

advection

98
Q

forms of precipitation

A

drizzle/ mist,
rain,
glazed,
rime,
snow,
snow pellets,
hail,
ice pellets

99
Q

average precipitation

A

arithmetic mean, thiessen method, isohyetal method

100
Q

consists of the vaporization of liquid water contained in the plant tissues and the vapor removal to the atmosphere

A

transpiration

AREA 2 (6 decks)

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