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arcl 203 > arcl final > Flashcards

arcl final Flashcards

1
Q

primary context

A
  • deposits undisturbed since original deposition (in situ)
  • data reflect behavioral processes
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2
Q

secondary context

A
  • deposits disturbed by subsequent human activity or natural phenomena
  • data altered wholly or partially by transformational processes
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3
Q

dendrochronology (target material & limits)

A
  • target material: wood
  • limits: depends on master sequence
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4
Q

carbon 14 (target material & limits)

A
  • target material: any organic material
  • limits: 400-50,000 BP
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5
Q

thermoluminescence (target material & limits)

A
  • target material: ceramics, burnt stone
  • limits: to 100,000 years
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6
Q

OSL / Optically stimulated luminescence (target material & limits)

A
  • target material: quartz, feldspars il eolian sands
  • limits: perhaps back to 300,000 years
  • provides a measure of time since sediment grains were deposited and shielded from further light or heat exposure
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7
Q

electronic spin resonance (target material & limits)

A
  • target material: tooth enamel, burned stone tools, corals, shells
  • limits: 10,000 - 300,000
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8
Q

potassium-argon (target material & limits)

A
  • target material: volcanic ash
  • limits: 80,000-5billion years
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9
Q

egalitarian societies

A
  • social systems that contain as many valued positions as there are persons capable of filling them
  • leadership based on experience and social standing
  • nearly equal access to resources
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10
Q

ranked societies

A
  • social systems in which a hierarchy of social status has been established
  • restricted number of valued positions available
  • unequal access to resources
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11
Q

primary material evidence of diet

A

the physical byproducts of consumed plants (paleoethnobotany) and animals (zooarchaeology)

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12
Q

indirect material evidence of diet

A
  • technology and facilities relating to food
  • demographic/economic consequences
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13
Q

direct material evidence of diet (long term & short term)

A
  • long term: isotopic changes in tissues of food consumers
  • coprolites, stomach contents
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14
Q

reading stable isotope plots

A

Higher δ 15 N usually indicates more protein and/or marine protein

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15
Q

raw unaltered materials

A
  • treated or untreated natural materials
  • ex: stone, wood, plant/animal fibers, bone, antler, leather, shell
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16
Q

synthetic materials

A
  • product of human activities
  • treated by heat, or chemical reactions
  • ex: pottery, metals, glass
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17
Q

physical and symbolic properties of artefacts

A
  • physical: durability, strength, flexibility, etc.
  • symbolic: value, prestige, ideology, etc.
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18
Q

sourcing/ characterization

A

distribution of things begins with finding origins and destinations against known distributions of materials

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19
Q

enamel hypoplasias

A

horizontal linear defects in tooth enamel indicating episodes of physiological stress

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20
Q

harris lines

A

horizontal lines near the ends of long bones and teeth indicating episodes of physiological stress

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21
Q

key indicators of age at death

A
  • mammalian skeletons change through life stages
  • epiphyseal fusing, tooth growth and eruption, wear, condition
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22
Q

6 ways symbols are used

A
  1. To describe the world through depiction (art)
  2. To establish place by marking and delimiting territory
  3. To measure units of time, length, and weight
  4. To plan for a future intended action (e.g., towns)
  5. To regulate and organize relations between humans
    (money, badges of rank)
  6. To regulate and represent human relations with the
    supernatural or transcendental world (the Other World)
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23
Q

6 threats to cultural heritage

A
  1. construction
  2. agricultural intensification
  3. climate change
  4. tourism
  5. looting
  6. conflict
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24
Q

Paleoethnobotany

A
  • the study of plant remains in the archaeological record
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25
Q

Phytolith

A
  • minute particles of silica in plant cells that survive after the rest of the plant has decomposed
  • Recoverable even after the plants themselves have decayed
  • Phytoliths can vary within a single species
  • Not all plants produce phytoliths
  • Best for grasses, phytoliths most abundant in grasses
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26
Q

Palynology

A
  • the study of pollens
  • Widely distributed hand cells diagnostic to taxon
  • Transported across landscapes via wind or pollen rain
  • Used to reconstruct environments (not diet) rather than plant use
  • Isolation is simple but involves hydrofluoric acid
27
Q

pollen diagram

A

A chart showing the changing frequencies of different identified pollens through time from samples taken from archaeological or other sites

28
Q

Environmental (eDNA) Analysis

A
  • sedaDNA: ancient environmental DNA that can be directly extracted from ancient sediment samples
  • Reconstruct past ecosystem and biodiversity dynamics
29
Q

zooarchaeology

A
  • the systematic study of animal remains recovered from archaeological sites, with the goal of understanding past human life, in historic and prehistoric times
  • Elements (bones) are taxonomically diagnostic, often to species (meaning that if you have one bone you can figure out what animal its from regardless of which bone it is)
30
Q

faunal assemblage

A
  • the animal remains recovered from an archaeological site
  • Large animals usually indicative of diet
  • Small animals (microfauna) and insects are good indicators of climatic and environmental change
  • methods: aDNA, ZooMS
31
Q

age determination (animals)

A
  • Degree of suture fusion in skull
  • Fusion degree in limbs
  • Tooth eruption and wear patterns
  • Hunting, management strategies
32
Q

sex determination (animals)

A
  • Elements only in males (ex antlers) or different in females (ex pelvic structure)
  • Some species experience high sexual dimorphism (ex lions, turkeys)
  • Helps us learn about herd management and early domestication
33
Q

NISP

A
  • number of identified specimens, mass (weight)
  • Just count all the bones/fragments: how many bones/fragments are there?
34
Q

MNI

A

minimum number of individuals

35
Q

morphology

A

the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts

36
Q

pathology

A

the medical discipline that provides diagnostic information to patients and clinicians

37
Q

what is bone made of?

A
  • calcium & collagen
  • 40% organic, mainly Type 1 collagen (tensile strenghth)
  • Proteoglycans (compressive strength)
  • Oseocalcin/osteonectin (bone formation)
  • 60 % inorganic
  • Calcium hydoxyapatite
38
Q

species ID based on collagen

A
  • Different species carry different collagen amino acid sequences
  • Amino acids have different masses, therefore each collagen sequence has a different mass
  • Mass of proteins can be measured though mass spectrometry
  • Each different collagen sequence will produce a unique peptide mass fingerprint
39
Q

ZooMS

A
  • peptide mass fingerprinting of archaeological bone collagen (Collagen type 1) for taxonomic identification
  • Its cheap and fast (cheaper and faster than DNA, ~$12/sample)
  • ID usually to genus level
40
Q

Things that can be identified using ZooMS

A
  • bone
  • skin, leather, parchment
  • root or dentin of tooth (not enamel)
  • ivory
  • antlers
41
Q

stable isotope analysis

A
  • does not decay over time
  • what we consume creates patterns in the chemical composition of our bodily tissues (you are what you eat)
  • Also studies collagen (its isotopic structure)
  • Chemical analysis of human bone collagen can reveal food pathways, individual long-term food intake
  • carbon, nitrogen
42
Q

non-invasive sampling

A
  • Methods that are not destructive
  • Rub with an eraser
  • Use collagen stuck to the storage container/bag
  • Polishing film (sandpaper on the end of a stick to rub off enough collagen to analyze and identify what animal bone came from)
43
Q

petrographic analysis

A
  • identifies the mineral composition of a pots temper and clay through microscopic observation of thin sections
44
Q

XRF/ X-ray fluoresence

A
  • non destructive technique used to determine the elemental composition of ceramics by measuring the fluorescence
  • Each element produces a unique fingerprint
45
Q

characterization of glass

A

major and trace element composition, isotopic analysis

46
Q

characterizing metals

A
  • Lead (Pb) Isotope Analysis:
  • Used to estimate the geographic origin of metal
  • Major element: lead pigments, lead bronze
  • Minor element: copper, brass, iron, silver
  • 4 stable isotopes which vary according to the age of the bedrock
  • Method: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
47
Q

5 key elements of trade and exchange

A
  • scale
  • sourcing/ characterization
  • distribution
  • production
  • consumption
48
Q

bioarchaeology

A

the study of organic remains from archaeological sites to address questions about evolution, past human activities, subsistence, health, nutrition and how humans have interacted with, or modified their natural environments.

49
Q

5 bioarchaeology methods

A
  • Osteology: the morphometric analyses of bones
  • Biochemistry: genetic, isotopic and proteomic studies
  • Population studies: demographic patterns from large samples
  • Diet and nutrition: mix of food, technology, biochemistry, and osteology
  • Paleoepidemiology: disease vectors in the past
50
Q

what demographic patterns reveal

A
  • size, density, growth rates
  • settlement patterns, mortality profiles
51
Q

method for investigating well preserved human remains

A

CT scans: The data can be rendered in 3D and manipulated in different ways

52
Q

osteobiography

A
  • What kind of information can be obtained about an individuals life and death from their human remains?
  • Age, sex, stature, BMI, hair skin and eye colour, facial reconstructions, movement and migration, habits, relations (kinships), ancestry, diets, pathologies, cause of death
53
Q

paleopathology

A

the study of ancient diseases and injuries in organisms through the examination of fossils, mummified tissue, skeletal remains, and analysis of coprolites

54
Q

Epiphyseal fusing

A
  • Once bones are finished gowing, they become fully fused together
  • Fuse at different rates (for different bones)
  • Age estimation based on degenerative changes in the pubic symphysis of the pelvic bone (ca. 20-50+ years of age
55
Q

bone structure and ageing

A
  • Changes in bone structure are visible under the microscope as humans grow older
  • Circular osteons become more numerous and extend to the edge of the bone
56
Q

assessing ancient cognitive abilities (5 main ways)

A
  1. Language and self consciousness
  2. Design in tool manufacture
  3. Procurement and planning
  4. Deliberate burials
  5. Representations
57
Q

cognitive archaeology

A
  • the study of the aspects of ancient culture that are the product of the human mind
  • perception, description, and classification of the universe
  • Tool manufacture, burial, planning, may reveal rarely human cognitive maps
  • Material symbols mark territory, organize the natural world, regulate relations, bring people closer to the supernatural
58
Q

symbols

A
  • an object or act (verbal or nonverbal) that, by cultural convention, stands for something else that has no necessary connection
  • New archaeology: did not care about thinking, just about what people did.
  • Post processual archaeology: concerned with symbols, ideational
59
Q

standard measurements and societal complexity (6 ways standard measurements are beneficial)

A
  • Standardization
  • Heirarchy
  • Economy and value
  • Facilitate trade
  • Increases communication with other groups
  • Replication (craft speicalization, building, etc.)
60
Q

how to investigate settlement patterns (ways to look/things to look at)

A
  • Survey: inventory of site tyes in space
    Representation (random), key places (judgemental sampling)
    Connections between places and behaviours
  • Settelment patterns: order in the use of space across scales
    Recurring patterns (units)
    Hierarchies of settlements (are some larger? Central place? Hold more authority/power?)
  • Central places:
    Humans form spatial cells around central nodes of collective value
  • Hierarchies:
    sites can be ranked and mapped by size
    Networks and syntax:
    model spatial representation of sites and interactions (ex through trade interactions)
61
Q

Characterization

A

analyses to identify characteristic properties of the constituent material of traded goods and thus their source origin

62
Q

trace element analysis (stone)

A
  • chemical techniques for determining low abundance elements in materials
  • methods: X-ray fluorescence, ICP-MS, Raman Spectroscopy
63
Q

use-wear analysis of tools

A
  • method used to identify the functions of artifacts tools through microscopic examination of their working surfaces and edges
  • Looking for:
  • Striations, polishing from plant or animal or mineral
  • Fractures, micro-flakes, scars, edge rounding
    Residue analysis (of organic remnants left behind)
  • Experimental archaeology
64
Q

4 components of religious/ritual performance:

A
  • Attention focused on ritual acts
  • Boundary zone between this world and the other world
  • Deity should be present
  • Participation and offerings are expected

arcl 203 (2 decks)

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