Architecture Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Post and Beam
A
- wall construction in which beams rather than studs are used tosupport heavy timber posts.
2
Q
Acropolis
A
- a citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.
- most famous example is the Acropolis of Athens (Parthenon built upon it)
3
Q
Basilica
A
- originally used to describe an open, Roman, public court building, usually adjacent to the forum of a Roman town.
- Applied to Christian buildings of same form and continues to be used to describe those buildings with a central nave & aisles.
4
Q
Arcade
A
- Roman Baths
- Palladio
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset
5
Q
Pilaster
A
- used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function.
6
Q
Hypocaust
A
- an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating, used to heat houses with hot air. Heat depends on how hot the furnace is burning.
- (From notes about Roman Baths)
7
Q
Portico
A
- a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls.
- (From notes:) Pantheon completed by Hadrian has porticos, colonnades, rotunda (on top), cauffered ceiling
8
Q
Cistern
A
- a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. (covered reservoirs)
- often built to catch and store rainwater.
- distinguished from wells by waterproof linings.
9
Q
Obelisk
A
- a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion at the top
- Thought to be used as sun pillars (measure sunrise and sunset)
10
Q
Mausoleum
A
- an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people
- (ex. from notes) Castello S’Angelo – Hadrians Mausoleum (Rome)
- Other examples??
11
Q
Entasis
A
- “means tension”
- the application of a convex curve to a surface.
- use is in certain orders of Classical columns that curve slightly as their diameter is decreased bottom upwards.
- Hellenistic period: some columns with entasis are cylindrical in their lower parts
12
Q
Doric
A
- (from video) 327 millimeters, the Doric foot
- one of the three orders of ancient Greek or classical architecture
- Part of Doric, Ionic, and Common measurement system
13
Q
Lintel
A
- a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports.[1] It can be a load-bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals,doors, windows, and fireplaces
- (Couldn’t find notes)
14
Q
Agora
A
- a central spot in ancient Greek city-states.
- was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.
- Ancient Agora of Athens was best-known example.
15
Q
Nave
A
- the main body of the church. It provides the central approach to the high altar.
16
Q
Keystone
A
- the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a masonry vault/arch
- the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position for arch to bear weight
- notes??
17
Q
Entablature
A
- the superstructure of moldings & bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals.
- Are major elements of classical architecture
- Ex: Parthenon - Greece
18
Q
Frigidarium
A
- a large cold pool at the Roman baths. It would be entered after the caldarium and the tepidarium
19
Q
Atrium
A
- The Roman House (from notes)
- the atrium and the peristylium were perfect adaptions to the heat of the Mediterranean. They were open to the sky, letting fresh air in to circulate among the corridors and rooms
- impluvium would catch water for plants
20
Q
Insula
A
- apartment building covering an entire block (urban population in Rome)
21
Q
Oculus
A
- a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall
- Example: Pantheon commissioned by Hadrian
22
Q
Sarcophagus
A
- a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone
- Ancient Egypt
- Notes??
23
Q
Fluting
A
- the shallow grooves running vertically along a surface (commonly of column or pilaster)
- Note: picture shows non-vertical grooves
24
Q
Ionic
A
- forms one of the three orders of classical architecture (other two being the Doric and the Corinthian.)
- always more slender than the Doric
- Ionic columns are 8 and 9 column-diameters tall
25
Q
Colonnade
A
- a colonnade denotes a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature
- Ex: Parthenon in Greece
26
Q
Forum
A
- Roman Forum (picture)
- a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome
27
Q
Aisle
A
- a space for walking w/ rows of seats on both sides or w/ rows of seats on one side & a wall on the other
- more specifically the wing of a house, or a lateral division of a large building.
- Earliest examples date back to the Roman times; can be found in the Basilica Ulpia
28
Q
Voussoir
A
- (also extrados) a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch or vault
- Each unit in an arch is a voussior
29
Q
Pendentive
A
- a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room.
- triangular segments of a sphere, taper to points at the bottom and spread at the top to establish the continuous circular base needed for the dome
- Ex: Church of Hagia Sophia
30
Q
Tepidarium
A
- the warm bathroom of the Roman baths heated by a hypocaust (underfloor heating system)
31
Q
Decumanus
A
- an east-west-oriented road in a Roman Colonial City.
- The main decumanus was the Decumanus Maximus
32
Q
Catacomb
A
- ancient catacombs, underground burial places under Rome, Italy (at least 40)
- Most famous for Christian burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together, people of all the Roman religions are buried in them, beginning in the 2nd century AD
33
Q
Oracle
A
- a person or agency considered to provide wise counsel or prophetic predictionsor precognition of the future, inspired by the gods
- Oracle of Delphi (Delphica)
- Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi Greece
- prophesies had to be interpreted
- (pictured)
35
Q
Revetment
A
- A layer of stone, concrete, or other hard material supporting the side of an embankment.
- ?? Hanging Gardens of Babylon ??
36
Q
Corinthian
A
- the last developed of the 3 principal classical orders of ancient Greek & Roman architecture.
- Other 2 are the Doric order (earliest), followed by the Ionic order.
38
Q
Zoser (Person)
A
- Pyramid of Zoser (Djoser) - pictured
- an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 3rd dynasty during the Old Kingdom and the founder of this epoch
40
Q
Vitruvius (Person)
A
- Roman architect
- Among the first to record that Greek temples were based on the ideal human body
42
Q
Agamemnon (Person)
A
- Mythical legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, ran off with Paris of Troy, Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War.
- The Tomb of Agamemnon is one of a number of ‘beehive’ tombs found in the vicinity of the ancient site of Mycenae
43
Q
Akhenaten (Person)
A
- Husband to Nefertiti
- Father of Tut
45
Q
Nero (Person)
A
EMPEROR NERO
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Aurea
Domus Aurea – Golden House
Had grottas (cave like structure)
48
Q
Nefertiti (Person)
A
- an Egyptian queen & the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh.
- Nefertiti & her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshiped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc
50
Q
Hadrian (Person)
A
- 24 January, 76 AD – 10 July, 138 AD) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.
- He rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma.
- known for building Hadrian’s Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia.
- regarded by some as a humanist and was philhellene in most of his tastes.
- regarded as one of the Five Good Emperors.
51
Q
Charlemagne (Person)
A
- known as Charles the Great or Charles I
- was King of the Franks.
- United most of Western Europe during early Middle Ages
- laid foundations for modern France & Germany.
- Took the Frankish throne in 768 and became King of Italy from 774.
- From 800 he became the first Holy Roman Emperor
- The Palatine Chapel is an early medieval chapel that is a remaining component of Charlemagne’s Palace of Aachen
53
Q
Tutankhamun (Person)
A
- He was the son of Akhenaten
- Believed that there was only one god (The Sun God) (monotheist)
- Died @ 18 in a war; carriage run over him (left side of ribs)
- Presents both sides of Egypt (upper + lower)
- Found in the queens chambers (had to be buried quickly)
57
Q
Carnac
A
- A commune beside the Gulf of Morbihan on the south coast of Brittany in the Morbihan department in north-western France.
- Renowned for the Carnac stones – one of the most extensive Neolithic menhir collections in the world
- No one knows what they represent (not grave stones)
- Rudston Monolith
58
Q
Troy
A
- 1200 BC – Trojan War
- Recreation of Troy
- Farming/agriculture
- Homer
- Archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann blow up a part of Troy thinking it was underneath when it wasn’t
59
Q
Delphi
A
- Oracles – Apollo spoke through her
- Temple of Apollo built on a fault line
- Leaked gas that created hallucinations
60
Q
Pompei
A
- Atrium House
- For the less wealthy types
- Typically family house
- Ex: Pompeii
61
Q
Hadrian’s Wall
A
- Begun in 122 AD during the reign of the emperor Hadrian.
- It ran from the banks of the River Tynenear the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea.
- It had a stone base and a stone wall.
- Milecastles with two turrets in between.
- Was a fort about every 5 Roman miles.
- From north to south, the wall comprised a ditch, wall, military way and vallum
62
Q
Karnak
A
- Ex: HYPOSTYLE HALL
- The Karnak Temple Complex, commonly known as Karnak, comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and other buildings.
- Didn’t have very much light coming in (only from the roof)
- Lotus, papyrus, style columns (vegetable inspired)
63
Q
Mycenae
A
- Mycenae – Lion Gate
- Palace Megaron
- Death mask, known as Mask of Agamemnon,
64
Q
Olympia
A
- Where the Olympics
- 776 BC – 394 AD (lasted over a thousand years) happened every 4 years
- Stadion race
- Started out as military training
65
Q
Vesuvius
A
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and several other settlements
66
Q
Tivoli
A
- Hadrian’s Villa Tivoli
- Removed a mosaic; chip away the filling in between the marble then put liquid rubber and hope it all comes up
- Talked about terrace, pool
- Thin barrel vault (3-4 in thick very difficult to do)
- constructed at Tibur (modern-day Tivoli) as a retreat from Rome for Roman Emperor Hadrian during the second and third decades of the 2nd century AD
67
Q
Saqqara
A
- Is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, serving as the necropolis for the Ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis.
- Features numerous pyramids, including the world famous Step pyramid of Djoser, sometimes referred to as the Step Tomb due to its rectangular base, as well as a number of mastabas.
68
Q
Atlantis
A
- Atlantis is a fictional island mentioned within an allegory on the hubris of nations in Plato’s works Timaeus and Critias, where it represents the antagonistnaval power that besieges “Ancient Athens”, the pseudo-historic embodiment of Plato’s ideal state.
- In the story, Athens was able to repel the Atlantean attack, unlike any other nation of the (western) known world,[1] supposedly giving testament to the superiority of Plato’s concept of a state. At the end of the story, Atlantis eventually falls out of favor with the gods and famously submerges into the Atlantic Ocean.
69
Q
Piraeus
A
- The city was largely developed in the early 5th century BC, when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour, concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens.
70
Q
Herculaneum
A
Located in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, Herculaneum (Italian: Ercolano) was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows in 79 AD. Its ruins are located in the commune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.
It is famous as one of the few ancient cities that can now be seen in much of its original splendour, as well as for having been lost, along with Pompeii, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried it.
72
Q
Gizah
A
- Found the Rosetta stone
- Has writing in three different languages
- Unlocked Egyptian hieroglyphs
- Pyramids were covered with lime stone (shiny and smooth) (eventually removed)
- Only had copper tools
- Used rope for measurement
- The interior is not solid has air vents/shafts (aligned with north star)
73
Q
Santorini/Thera
A
- Santorini classically Thera is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast of Greece’s mainland.
- Largest island of a small, circular archipelago which bears the same name and is the remnant of a volcanic caldera.
74
Q
Ostia
A
- At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome’s seaport, but due to silting the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea.
- The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics.
75
Q
Constantinople
A
- Founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337 AD) in 324 on the site of existing city, Byzantium (which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, around 671–662 BC.)
76
Q
Monte Cassino
A
- The history of Monte Cassino is linked to the nearby town of Cassino which was first settled in the fifth century B.C.E. by the Volsci people who held much of central & southern Italy.
- It was the Volsci who first built a citadel on the summit of Monte Cassino.
- The Romans renamed the settlement Casinum and build a temple to Apollo at the citadel.
- Modern excavations have found no remains of the temple, but ruins of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a mausoleum indicate the lasting presence the Romans had there.
- Saint Benedict
78
Q
Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture, circa 15 BCE (Text)
A
- Vitruvius is the author of De architectura, known today as The Ten Books on Architecture,a treatise written in Latin on architecture, dedicated to the emperor Augustus.
- In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius dedicates his writings so as to give personal knowledge of the quality of buildings to the emperor.
- Likely Vitruvius is referring to Marcus Agrippa’s campaign of public repairs and improvements. This work is the only surviving major book on architecture from classical antiquity.
- According to Petri Liukkonen, this text “influenced deeply from the Early Renaissance onwards artists, thinkers, and architects, among them Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), and Michelangelo (1475–1564).”
79
Q
Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome, circa 100 CE (Text)
A
- Frontinus, Sextus Iulius, ca. 35–103 CE, was a capable Roman civil officer and military commander.
- Praetor of the city in 70 and consul in 73 or 74, 98 and 100, he was, about the year 76, sent to Britain as governor.
- He quelled the Silures of Wales, and began to build a road through their territory; his place was taken by Agricola in 78.
- In 97 he was given the highly esteemed office of Manager of Aqueducts at Rome.
- He is known to have been an augur, being succeeded by his friend Pliny the younger.
