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Architecture Exams > Architecture Test 1 > Flashcards

Architecture Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Balloon Frame

A

• 2x4 inch, hammer and nail, simple to build • Two stories high • Some diagonals • Studs 20 ft. long - straight • Chicago • Usually one family per story • Cheap method for inexpensive housing o Replaced by Platform Frame

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2
Q

Reinforced Concrete

A

(RC) is a composite material in which concrete’s relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and/or ductility.

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3
Q

Curtain Wall

A
  • Lever House – 1951
  • Have to have a/c because of wind pressure
  • COOR, Freedom Tower (examples)
    • Gets smaller as the building gets taller
      • Wind resistance
      • Weight of the building
  • Built by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill
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4
Q

Case Study Houses

A
  • Eames House (#8)
  • Stahl House (#22)
    • Both in Los Angeles
    • Steel and glass
    • Single family
    • No basement
    • “Off the shelf”
    • About 1,100 sq. ft.
    • Concrete poured over metal grid for foundation
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5
Q

Ranch House (Sea Ranch)

A
  • Sea Ranch
  • Charles Moore, 1960
  • Uses local timber, similar to barns (wood isn’t stained, becomes bleached)
  • Sloped roof so the wind blows over it
  • Like a “geode” – can’t tell what the inside looks like from the outside (painted inside bright colors)
  • Made to be a weekend house
  • Regional architecture meant for specific part of the globe and not others (unlike the standardized houses like Levitt homes)
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6
Q

Archigram

A
  • 1960
  • Provocative buildings; inspire other architects to think outside the box
  • Nothing ever built
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7
Q

Seaside

A
  • 1979 as a summer resort along the beach of Florida panhandle
  • New Urbanism
  • Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
  • ADD WHEN HE TALKS ABOUT IT
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8
Q

Pruitt-Igoe

A
  • Public Housing Project in St. Louis (1950s)
    • Built by: YAMASAKI
    • “Integrated” : Blacks and whites separated
  • Becomes unlivable after maintenance budget is cut; only for single mothers (not allowed to have luxuries like phone or TV)
    • 1972 torn down (dynamite)
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9
Q

Dust Bowl

A
  • Great Plains region devastated by drought in 1930s depression-ridden America
  • People of Oklahoma packed up and headed for California
  • Damaged ecology and agriculture

ASK!!

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10
Q

Colorado River

A

Vital source of water for agricultural and urban areas in the southwestern desert lands of North America. (Makes life possible in AZ, doesn’t reach the Gulf of California)

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11
Q

Decorated Shed

A
  • The terms “duck” and “decorated shed” were codified in the 1972 book “Learning from Las Vegas” by Robert Venturi, his wife Denise Scott Brown, and their friend Steven Izenour.
  • The book argues that there are two distinctly different types of buildings and that all buildings can be classified as one or the other.
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12
Q

Atrium

A

(Large open space inside a building.)

  • Example: Hyatt Regency Atlanta by John Portman (exposed elevator in middle, atrium in center, rooms on outside)
  • Has everything in the hotel itself (barber, dry cleaner, coffee shop, bar, etc.)
  • 1967
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13
Q

Pritzker Prize - (Hyatt Foundation)

A

Founded in 1979 by Jay and Cindy Pritzker to honor outstanding living architects worldwide. (Nobel Prize of architecture)

  • Hyatt Regency Atlanta by John Portman (Atrium style hotel with amenities inside: barber, bar, dry cleaning)
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14
Q

Platform Frame

A

Replaced Ballooon Frame

(Difference is frame between floors are separate instead of one long one)

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15
Q

Corduroy Concrete

A
  • Paul Rudolf (1963) – Brutalism comes to the United States
  • Wood panels in between concrete, then chipped away by hand to achieve the texture
  • NEEB, Design (on campus example)
  • Very expensive finish
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16
Q

Solar Heat Gain

A

Refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object or structure that results from solar radiation. (Also called greenhouse effect.)

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17
Q

Levittown

A
  • William Levitt (1947)
  • First community in New York
  • East coast: shingles
  • Not just building houses, building communities
    • Shopping center
    • Freeway
    • Work
    • Within community: recreation center, park, school, 15 minute walk
    • All very convenient (forward thinking)
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18
Q

Row House (US)

A
  • Also called “terrace house” or “tenements”
  • Side by side row of houses that share at least one wall
  • Chicago – triple decker houses
    • Typically one family per floor
    • Made of wood
    • Space in between buildings
  • New York “townhouses”
    • Originally built for one family, now they’re sold/rented per floor, or front/back
  • Boston 1814 – Louisburg Square
    • No parking near houses (some kept cobblestone drives)
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19
Q

“Inside-Out” Building

A

Lloyd’s Building

Pompidou Center (Paris)

(reversed architecture with stairs, etc. on outside of building instead of enclosed within it)

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20
Q

New Urbanism

A
  • Urban design movement
  • Promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types.
  • Arose in US in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning, and municipal land-use strategies.

(Example: Seaside, Florida 1979)

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21
Q

Brasilia

A
  • Moved the capital to “Brasilia” Brazil
    • Public transportation from Rio de Janiero was terrible
    • Under govered, over populated
    • Red dust there scared people away
    • Lots of snakes still (used to be a jungle)
    • People looked at Brasilia as “what a modern city could look like” because it was a clean slate so to speak
      • Becomes poster child for modern urban design circa 1950-1960s
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22
Q

Sun Belt

A

California, Arizona, Texas, Florida (southern portion of the US, sunny summers and mild winters; livable because of a/c)

Amtrak system no longer running (Downtown warehouse district)

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23
Q

Rio Salado Project

A

ASK!!!

Has been 40 years in the making and is 1st of its kind in desert southwest. Has become benchmark for future river restoration projects. Restores 5 mile section of the Salt River that goes through core of city of Phx. Provides essential 100 year flood protection for city of Phx. Project changes a dry riverbed of debris and gravel pits back into restored native wetlands and habitats w/ recreational and educational uses while maintaining central flood control. Revitalizes central city area.

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24
Q

Architecture at 55 MPH

A
  • instant recognizability/memorable even when going high speeds because it’s so interesting and unique
  • (example) Atlantis condo
    • 80s, Miami done by Arquitectonica
    • 1980-1982
    • Each side is distinctive and different
    • Blue grid, hole in the building (Jacuzzi, spiral staircase)
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25
Q

“Duck”

A

The terms “duck” and “decorated shed” were codified in the 1972 book “Learning from Las Vegas” by Robert Venturi, his wife Denise Scott Brown, and their friend Steven Izenour. The book argues that there are two distinctly different types of buildings and that all buildings can be classified as one or the other.

(ASK!!)

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26
Q

Big-Box Store

A

A big-box store (also supercenter, superstore, or megastore) is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain. The term sometimes also refers, by extension, to the company that operates the store. Example: Walmart

(ASK!!!)

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27
Q

Skeleton Frame

A
  • Steel fame construction (skyscrapers).
  • Examples: John Hancock, Lloyd Building
  • Example of Hi-tech architecture

(ASK!!!)

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28
Q

Dead Load

A
  • the constant weight of a structure, including the structure itself, along with fixtures intended to be permanent.
  • The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as permanent or static loads.

(Example: hospital beds, equipment, etc.)

(ASK!!)

29
Q

Wind Load

A

the natural wind forces that push and pull on the sides of buildings

(ASK!!)

30
Q

Sprawl

A

unplanned suburban growth outside of cities

Other notes maybe related:

  • Made possible by septic tanks (no sewage lines)
  • Had to call on neighboring metropolitan areas in case of fire (no fire hydrants)
  • Cheapest housing = trailer parks; plugged into local power outlets, mobile, produced in factories
31
Q

Terrace House (UK)

A
  • attached houses, single-family
  • a term in architecture and city planning referring to a style of medium-density housing that originated in Europe in the 16th century, where a row of identical or mirror-image houses share side walls. They are also known in some areas as row houses or linked houses.
32
Q

Geodesnic Dome

A
  • Buckminster Fuller, 1960s (1967)
  • Monorail goes through the building
  • Tetrahedron structure
  • Eventually burned (“plastic” windows)
  • Also called Montreal Biosphère
33
Q

Critical Regionalism

A

is not simply regionalism in the sense of vernacular architecture. It is a progressive approach to design that seeks to mediate between the global and the local languages of architecture.

(ASK!!!)

34
Q

Chandigarh

A

is a city and a union territory in the northern part of India that serves as the capital of the states ofPunjab and Haryana. As a union territory, the city is ruled directly by the Union Government of India and is not part of either state.

35
Q

Farm Belt

A
  • Also called “Corn Belt”
  • North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and the West sides of Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri.
  • Since 1850s

(ASK!!)

36
Q

Central AZ Project

A
  • What makes water workable? Dams
    • Reservoir > electricity > makes the water move
    • 100 years ago, first Salt River Project
      • Another example is AZ Project:
        • Water comes from Colorado River. Brings water to Phx, Tucson, San Diego, Las Vegas
        • Without it, we wouldn’t have civilization here
        • Several tunnels/aqueducts make it possible for metropolitan areas to have water/electric (paid for by taxes)
37
Q

“Co-ordinate Unit”

A

ASK!!!

38
Q

Megastructure

A
  • A megastructure is a very large manmade object, though the limits of precisely how large this is vary considerably. Some apply the term to any especially large or tall building.
  • Palm Island - Dubai (Madinat Al Arab)
  • Burj Al Arab (Eiffel Tower of Dubai)
  • Example: Great Wall of China, skyscrapes
  • Buckminster Fuller did megastructures
39
Q

Logo Building

A

Decorated shed is an example of a logo building.

Another example:

Best Store

40
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A
  • adopted by the Continental Congress in the US on May 20,1785
  • the reason the streets are on a grid now
    • delegated the way the land could be divided (miles, acres)
    • Wealthier parts of town = streets farther apart
41
Q

(World Fairs) Expo 1958 - Brussels, Belgium (Atomium)

A
  • Expo 58, also known as the Brussels World’s Fair was held from April 17th to October 19th 1958. It was the first major World’s Fair after World War II.
  • Mid Century Modern
  • Atomic Age (Style)
    • Atoms and atomic bombs in 1950s
42
Q

(World Fairs) - Seattle, WA

A
  • (Space Needle)
  • The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World’s Fair) was a world’s fair held in 1962, in Seattle, Washington.
  • Nearly 10 million people attended the fair.Unlike some other world’s fairs of its era, Century 21 made a profit
43
Q

(World Fairs) - Montreal, Canada (B. Fuller, US Pavillion; M. Safdie, “Habitat”)

A
  • 1967 (Expo 67)
  • Habitat 67, is a model community and housing complex in Montreal, Canada, designed by Canadian architect Moshe Safdie. Built as a pavilion for Expo 67, the World’s Fair. Considered an architectural landmark and one of the most recognizable and significant buildings in both Montreal and Canada
  • US pavilion was a 250 foot diameter Buckminster Fuller 3/4 geodesic dome
44
Q

(Abbreviations) AIA

A

American Institute of Architects

45
Q

(Abbreviations) MoMA

A

Museum of Modern Art, New York

(Modernism; International style architecture since 1922)

46
Q

(Abbreviations) SOM

A

Skidmore, Owings, Merrill

  • Lever House 1951 (curtain walls)
  • Freedom Tower
47
Q

(Publications) Hitchcock & Johnson

A

“The International Style” 1932 (MoMA Exhibition)

  • Name of a major architectural style emerged in the 1920s and 1930s (early 20th century), the formative decades of modern architecture, as first defined by Americans Hitchcock and Johnson, with an emphasis more on architectural style, form and aesthetics than the social aspects of the modern movement as emphasised in Europe.
  • Common characteristics: geometic shapes, rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; open interior spaces; a visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction.
  • PSFS Building
  • Glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete, are the characteristic materials of the construction.
48
Q

(Publications) R. Banham

A

“The New Brutalism,” 1966

  • Raw Concrete (exploitation of concrete)
    • COOR is like this
49
Q

(Publications) R. Venturi

A

“Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture,” 1966 (MoMA publ.)

  • expresses in original terms the postmodern rebellion against the purism of modernism

Later he wrote “Learning From Las Vegas” which coined the terms “Duck” and “Decorated Shed”

50
Q

(Publications) R. Venturi

A

et. al., “Learning from Las Vegas” 1972

  • calling for architects to be more receptive to the tastes and values of “common” people and less immodest in their erections of “heroic,” self-aggrandizing monuments
  • Coined “Decorated Shed” and “Duck”
51
Q

(Publications) Ch. Jencks

A

“Language of Post-Modern Architecture” 1977

  • Narrative and photos of architecture in the Post Modern style contrasting it with the proceeding modern style
52
Q

(Publications) MoMA; Philip Johnson

A

“Deconstructivist Architecture” 1988 (MoMA Exhibition)

  • focuses on 7 international architects whose recent work marks the emergence of a new sensibility in architecture. The architects recognize the imperfectibility of the modern world and seek to address, in Johnson’s words, the “pleasures of unease.” Obsessed with diagonals, arcs, and warped planes, they intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism
53
Q

(Trends / “isms”) Mid-Century Modern 1940s-1950s

A
  • generally describes mid-20th century developments in modern design, architecture and urban development from roughly 1933 to 1965
  • Examples (structures):
    • New National Gallery Berlin
    • Syndey Opera House
    • Jefferson Memorial Arch
    • Stahl House
  • Examples (architects)
    • Le Corbusier
    • Mies van der Rohe
54
Q

(Trends / “isms”) Brutalism 1950s-1970s

A
  • Brutalist architecture is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, descending from the modernist architectural movement of the early 20th century.
  • term originates from the French word for “raw” in the term used by Le Corbusier
  • Reyner Banham adapted the term into “Brutalism” from “New Brutalism”
  • Paul Rudolf – Brutalism comes to the United States (Art and Architecture Building - image attached)
  • Boston City Hall – competition mid 1960s
55
Q

(Trends / “isms”) Postmodernism (Pomo) 1970s-1980s

A
  • Buildings have unique features that set them apart from other plain buildings
  • Michael Graves (Portland, OR) Late 70s Postmodernism (pic on front)
    • Small windows (inexpensive to heat and cool)
  • Philip Johnson (postmodern architect - Picture attached; note top design)
  • Humana Building (Graves)
56
Q

(Trends / “isms”) Deconstructivism (Decon) 1980s-present

(Philharmonic Disney Concert Hall)

A
  • ASU Law Library (image)
  • Coop himmelblau
  • Zaha Hadid
  • Frank Gehry
    • Santa Monica, CA (office)
    • Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
    • Disney Concert Hall (Philarmonic)
57
Q

(Trends / “isms”) Hi-Tech mid 60s-present

A
  • Bridge between modernism and post-modernism
  • Reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside, but with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel
  • John Hancock Center (Built by SOM), HSBC Building (Hong Kong), Lloyd Building
58
Q

Reinforced Concrete (Example)

A

Chapel de Notre Dame Du Haut

  • Brutalism
  • Built like an airplane hanger
  • Structure is mostly made of concrete, thick walls
  • Upturned roof supported along columns
  • Le Corbusier - 1953-1954
  • Played with thickness of concrete walls
59
Q

Eames House (Case Study House, #8)

A
  • Charles and Ray Eames
  • During the ’50s
  • Built around shade
  • Expensive to control temperature (glass)
  • Alternative to Levitt homes
  • Landmark of Mid-20th Century Modern
  • Double-height loft like a a nomadic structure
  • Steel frame, flat roofs, box-like open plan
60
Q

Stahl House (Case Study #22)

A
  • Pierre Koenig
  • Built 1960
  • Mid Century Modern
61
Q

Rust Belt

A
  • New York to Wisconsin (abandoned factories, housing)
    • Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia
62
Q

Rust Belt: Cleveland

A
  • Cuyahoga River – polluted red because of the rust
  • So polluted w/ oil and chemicals it caught fire
  • 1917 plan to straighten the river (would have cost millions of dollars then, and even more now; never done)
  • Cleveland known for steel and oil
63
Q

Rust Belt: Detroit

A
  • Known for automotive
  • Huge area of abandoned factories (decay)
64
Q

(Trends / “isms”) Deconstructivism (Decon) 1980s-present

(coop himmelblau)

A
  • Development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is influenced by the theory of “Deconstruction”, which is characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a structure’s surface, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture.
  • The finished visual appearance is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos.

(Zaha hadid fire station)

65
Q

Mies van der Rohe

A
  • 1886-1969
  • Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
  • Seagram Building
  • New National Gallery Berlin
  • Farnsworth House
66
Q

Farnsworth House

A
  • Custom Steel that gets sand blasted and painted wide
  • Ground plane and roof plane – very simple
  • 1950s
  • Next to Fox River
  • 10 acre plot
  • 9 ft. high ceiling
  • Front door pivots on center
  • Flying bug problem (drawn to light at night)
  • River rises and although it was raised up, eventually the house flooded
  • Expensive to heat and cool because it’s all glass (no insulation)
67
Q

Johnson house

A
  • Philip Johnson, 1949
  • Connecticut
  • Glass house
  • Lots of land around it (very private)
  • Again, problem of heating and cooling
    • Would be illegal to do today because of amount of glass; codes limit amount of glass used
    • Flat roof, not good for weather conditions (snow)
68
Q

Timeline of Styles

A
  1. Mid-Century Modern (1940-1950s)
  2. Modernism (1950s-1960s)
  3. Brutalism (1950s-1970s)
  4. Hi-Tech (Mid 60s-present)
  5. Post-Modernism (1970s-1980s)
  6. Deconstructivism (1980s-present)

Architecture Exams (3 decks)

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