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Classics: Architecture & Sculpture > Architecture > Flashcards

Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Temple of Hera at Olympia built?

A

590 BC

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2
Q

What is the order and alignment of Hera at Olympia?

A

Doric E-W alignment

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3
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of Hera at Olympia?

A

18.76m x 50m 1:2.67 (very long)

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4
Q

What are the Temple of Hera at Olympia’s columns like?

A
  • 6 x 16 columns (n x 2n+4)
  • They are closer together on the sides (3.26m apart) than on the front and back (3.56m apart)
  • They were originally wooden, but were gradually replaced by stone from the mid 6thC onwards
  • Neighbouring shafts vary by 30cm in diameter
  • One column has 16 flutes instead of 20
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5
Q

What is Hera at Olympia’s front porch like?

A
  • Has 2 columns in antis

- Single entrance

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6
Q

Which materials is Hera at Olympia made of?

A
  • The first 90cm (3ft) of the cella wall’s footing is stone, the rest is sun dried brick
  • The platform and bases of columns are stone
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7
Q

What is Hera at Olympia’s cella like?

A
  • Divided by 2 rows of sing-tiered internal colonnades - divides cella into a central nave and side aisles
  • Every other column is replaced by a spur wall
  • Series of bays with columns in the middle (shadow)
  • Internal colonnade and spurs aligned with the external colonnade
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8
Q

What is Hera at Olympia’s rear porch like?

A
  • Has 2 columns in antis

- Is a false porch (no actual doorway)

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9
Q

How is Hera at Olympia decorated?

A
  • No evidence of carvings on the metopes or pediments (could have been plain, painted, or have terracotta sculpture)
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10
Q

What is Hera at Olympia’s roof like?

A
  • Has one disc style actroteria at each end - each are over 2m in diameter
  • Terracotta tiles
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11
Q

When was Hera (1) at Paestum built?

A

550 BC

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12
Q

What is Hera (1) at Paestum’s order and alignment?

A

Doric E-W alignment (parallel to Hera 2 at P)

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13
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of Hera (1) at Paestum?

A

24.5m x 54.2m 1:2.2 (short)

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14
Q

What are the columns of Hera (1) at Paestum like?

A
  • Has 9x18 columns (n x 2n)
  • Significant tapering (1/3 narrower at top than bottom)
  • Pronounced entasis and very curved echinus
  • Under the echinus was a decorative band of flowers
  • 3 columns near the SW corner had an additional, more elaborate band
  • The external and internal columns are the same size
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15
Q

What is the front porch of Hera (1) at Paestum like?

A
  • Has 3 columns in antis

- Double entrance

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16
Q

What are the antae of Hera (1) at Paestum like?

A
  • They have small decorative scrolls on the underside of the capital
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17
Q

Which materials is Hera (1) at Paestum made out of?

A
  • Made of local limestone with stucco
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18
Q

What is the cella of Hera (1) at Paestum like?

A
  • Cella split into two by a single-tiered single internal colonnade (double dedication? Structural?)
  • Columns are aligned and the same size as external columns
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19
Q

What is Hera (1) at Paestum’s adyton like?

A
  • Previously it had been a rear porch
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20
Q

What are the eaves of Hera (1) at Paestum like?

A
  • They have decorative terracotta sheathing (lions’ heads and painted patterns)
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21
Q

How is Hera (1) at Paestum decorated?

A
  • Has no carved metopes (as no fragments were found)
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22
Q

What is the altar of Hera (1) at Paestum like?

A
  • It is positioned to the east of the temple
  • It is huge: the width of the temple (24.5m)
  • Made of limestone
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23
Q

When was the temple of Athena at Paestum built?

A

500 BC

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24
Q

What is the order and alignment of Athena at Paestum?

A

Doric E-W alignment

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25
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of Athena at Paestum?

A

14.5m x 33m 1:2.28

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26
Q

What are the columns of Athena at Paestum like?

A
  • 6 x 13 columns (n x 2n+1)

- Relatively plump echinus

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27
Q

What is the front porch of Athena at Paestum like?

A
  • Deep porch
  • 6 Ionic, prostyle columns and 2 engaged columns
  • Porch columns are smaller than the external columns
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28
Q

What is Athena at Paestum’s short corridor like?

A
  • It had an upward staircase on either side (could have been an upper gallery over the porch)
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29
Q

What was Athena at Paestum built out of?

A
  • Limestone

- Sandstone: 2 layers around frieze, carved inserted triglyphs

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30
Q

What is Athena at Paestum’s cella like?

A
  • It had no internal colonnade

- No false porch/adyton

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31
Q

What is the altar of Athena at Paestum like?

A
  • In front of the temple

- Almost the full breadth of the temple

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32
Q

What is Athena at Paestum’s entablature like?

A
  • Very tall compared to the rest of the building (because of the extra courses)
  • Has a sandstone course above and below the frieze
  • Frieze has inserted sandstone triglyphs
  • It has no cornice = no pedimental shelf = no pedimental sculpture
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33
Q

How is Athena at Paestum decorated?

A
  • No pedimental sculptures as there was no cornice/pedimental shelf
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34
Q

How was Athena at Paestum proportioned?

A
  • Very tall entablature
  • Very deep porch
  • Internal structure is asymmetrically placed (space between front porch and external colonnade is twice that pf the corresponding space at the rear of the temple)
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35
Q

When was the temple of Hera (2) at Paestum built?

A

470-460 BC (between the archaic and early classical periods)

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36
Q

What is the order and alignment of Hera (2) at Paestum?

A

Doric E-W alignment (parallel to Hera 1 at P)

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37
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of Hera (2) at Paestum?

A
  • 25m x 60m (similar to H1@P)

- 1:2.4

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38
Q

What are Hera (2) at Paestum’s columns like?

A
  • 6 x 14 columns (n x 2n+2)
  • 24 flutes instead of 20
  • Made of local travertine with stucco
  • Slight entasis and curved echinus (not pronounced)
  • Periperal columns incline inwards slightly (optical)
  • Abacuses stick out (ugly)
  • Columns are 8.8m tall
  • Ratio of W:H is 1:4.3 (stout, squashed)
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39
Q

What is the front porch of Hera (2) at Paestum like?

A
  • 2 columns in antis
  • Same dimensions as and aligned with external columns
  • Steps
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40
Q

What is Hera (2) at Paestum’s passage like?

A
  • Either side of the passage was a recess

- One recess housed a staircase to the roof or an upper gallery

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41
Q

What is the cella of Hera (2) at Paestum like?

A
  • Divided into 3 by two rows of double-tiered internal colonnades
  • Abacuses stick out (like on external columns)
  • Internal columns are smaller than external columns
  • The two tiers are separated by an architrave (without regulae and guttae)
  • The upper tier is smaller than the lower tier
  • Upper tier has 16 flutes, the lower tier has 20 flutes
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42
Q

What is Hera (2) at Paestum’s cult statue like?

A
  • There were no traces of reinforcements for the cult statue - this suggests that it was probably wooden or terracotta
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43
Q

What is Hera (2) at Paestum’s rear porch like?

A
  • Has 2 columns in antis
  • False porch
  • Porch columns are the same size as and aligned with the external columns
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44
Q

How was Hera (2) at Paestum decorated?

A
  • No sculpture of metopes or pediments
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45
Q

What was Hera (2) at Paestum’s roof like?

A
  • It was supported by wooden beams and the internal colonnades
  • It probably had large terracotta tiles and terracotta palmettes
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46
Q

How did Hera (2) at Paestum diverge from the Doric order?

A
  • 6 x 14 instead of 13 (n x 2n+2 not +1)
  • 24 flutes instead of 20
  • Abacuses stick out
  • Column W:H ratio is 1:4.3 instead of 1:5-6
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47
Q

When was the temple of Zeus at Olympia built?

A

458-7 BC

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48
Q

What was the order and alignment of Zeus at Olympia?

A

Doric E-W alignment

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49
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of Zeus at Olympia?

A

27.7m x 64.1m 1:2.3

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50
Q

What are the columns of Zeus at Olympia like?

A
  • 6 x 13 (n x 2n+1)
  • Columns are 10.43m x 2.21m (same height as the Parthenon)
  • Column W:H ratio is 1:4.75 (stout, short)
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51
Q

What is Zeus at Olympia’s front porch like?

A
  • 2 columns in antis
  • Single doorway
  • Porch columns are smaller than the external columns
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52
Q

How did you access the temple of Zeus at Olympia?

A

Via a ramp on the East side as the steps were too large

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53
Q

Which materials was Zeus at Olympia made out of?

A
  • Made of marine conglomerate (with shells) - poor quality
  • Pedimental sculptures were made of Parian marble
  • Roof tiles are marble
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54
Q

What was Zeus at Olympia’s cella like?

A
  • Divided by 2 rows of double-tiered internal colonnades (needed for support)
  • There was a pool of oil/water that reflected the cult statue
  • No evidence for an upper gallery
  • Internal columns are smaller than the external columns
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55
Q

Why was Zeus at Olympia built?

A
  • Panhellenic temple (all of Greek world) - would gather in Olympia
  • Porch metopes show the labours of Hercules (importance for Peleponnesians)
  • Built to celebrate Greek unity and pride after the city states united in war against the Persians (in 490-80 BC)
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56
Q

What was Zeus at Olympia’s cult statue like?

A
  • Seated Zeus by Pheidias
  • Roughly 11m tall - oversized (if he was standing he’d go through the roof)
  • Made of gold and ivory
  • Celebration of Greek victory (Nike, Lions, Eagles, Sphinxes)
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57
Q

What was the rear porch of Zeus at Olympia like?

A
  • False porch
  • 2 columns in antis
  • Porch columns are smaller than the external columns
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58
Q

How was Zeus at Olympia decorated?

A

EXTERNAL METOPES: Plain
PORCH METOPES: Carvings of the labours of Hercules

Pediments are made of Parian marble:

  • EAST PEDIMENT: Pelops and Oinomaos’ chariot race - Zeus in middle
  • WEST PEDIMENT: Centauromachy - allegory
  • Pediments are amazing - makes up for architectural shortcomings?
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59
Q

What was the roof of Zeus at Olympia like?

A
  • Along the bottom of the roof was a continuous gutter - emphasised heaviness of the entablature
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60
Q

How was Zeus at Olympia proportioned?

A
  • Entablature and pediment is roughly 1/2 of the entire structure - heavy
  • Entablature is roughly 1/3 of the column height
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61
Q

When was the Parthenon built and who was it dedicated to?

A

451 BC Athena Parthenos (maiden/virgin)

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62
Q

What is the Parthenon’s order and alignment?

A

Doric E-W alignment

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63
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of the Parthenon?

A
  1. 9m x 69.5m

1: 2.5 = 4:9 = 2sq:3sq

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64
Q

What are the Parthenon’s columns like?

A
  • 8 x 17 (n x 2n+1)
  • 1.9m x 10.43m (same height as Zeus at Olympia) = 1:5.5
  • External columns are larger than porch and internal columns
  • Slight entasis
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65
Q

What is the Parthenon’s front porch like?

A
  • Shallow porch (shallow antae)
  • Single entrance
  • 6 prostyle Doric columns
  • Windows high up on either side of the doorway (for light on the cult statue)
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66
Q

Which materials is the Parthenon made out of?

A
  • The entire building (including tiles) is marble

- Doors made of Cypress wood

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67
Q

How did you access the Partenon?

A

Via an inset stairway on the 3-step stylobate

68
Q

What was the internal structure of the Parthenon?

A
  • Front porch
  • East cella
  • West cella
  • Rear porch
69
Q

What was the east cella of the Parthenon like?

A
  • Has 2 rows of double-tiered Doric internal colonnades with a linking colonnade at the bacl
  • Internal columns are smaller than the external
  • No evidence for an upper gallery
70
Q

Why was the Parthenon built?

A
  • In 490 BC the Greeks won the Battle of Marathon
  • In 480 BC the Persians attacked again and took Athens, They destroyed the Marathon temple
  • The Athenians then beat the Persians in a sea battle, the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC
  • The Parthenon replaced the Marathon temple as a symbol of Athenian power and victory
  • It was built 3 years after Salamis - religous taboo on Acropolis? Or just took time to sort things out?
71
Q

Where is the Parthenon?

A

On the South side of the Acropolis in Athens. Extensive foundations were added.

72
Q

What was the Parthenon’s cult statue like?

A
  • In the East cella
  • Standing Athena by Pheidias
  • Made of gold and ivory
  • Roughly 11m tall
  • Athena holds the goddess of victory, Nike, in one hand
  • Statue framed by the linking colonnade
73
Q

What was the Parthenon’s west cella like?

A
  • It may have been an adyton
  • No connecting door to the east porch, suggests they have different purposes
  • Had 4 Ionic columns (for floor space and statement of including all areas of the Greek world - Ionic Turkey as well as Doric Peleponnese)
74
Q

What was the rear porch of the Parthenon like?

A
  • Shallow porch (short antae)
  • Single entrance
  • 6 prostyle Doric columns
75
Q

How were the Parthenon’s pediments decorated?

A

EAST PEDIMENT: Birth of Athena from Zeus’ mind - people become less interested as you get futher from the centre - horses in corners show the passing of time

WEST PEDIMENT: Athena and Poseidon vying for the patronage of Athens - stife motif

76
Q

How were the Pediment’s external metopes decorated?

A
  • All 92 metopes were decorated (compared to 0 on Zeus at Olympia)
  • Depicts Centauromachy, and gods fighting giants
77
Q

How was the Parthenon more refined than other buildings?

A
  • Columns have entasis and lean inwards (to counteract looking like they’re leaning outwards)
  • The 3-step stylobate and entablature curve upwards in a convex curve (to stop lookinh like it sags)
  • Repetition of 2sq:3sq ratio:
    1. L:W ratio of temple
    2. Diameter of cols: Distance between centre or cols
    3. W:L of front of temple (minus steps and pediment)
78
Q

Where was the Parthenon decorated?

A
  • Pediments (heavily decorated)
  • The Pathenon frieze (Ionic)
  • External metopes (ALL decorated)
79
Q

Describe “The Parthenon frieze”

A
  • It was positioned above the porch columns and around the top of the outside of the cella wall at the same height
  • Ioniz frieze (continuous band)
  • Depicts the Panathenaic procession through the Acropolis (when those in the procession look up, they can see this)
  • 1m tall
80
Q

When was the Propylaea built?

A

Started in 436BC but left unfinished in 431BC because of the Peleponnesian war (Athens Vs Sparta)

Not complete - more wings were planned

81
Q

Where is the Propylaea situated?

A

At the edge of the west side of the Acropolis in Athens

had to be west side as the other sides are too steep to walk up

82
Q

What was the structure of the Propylaea?

A
  • East porch
  • West porch
  • South wing
  • North wing
83
Q

What is the function of the Propylaea?

A
  • It is the gateway to the Acropolis.

- It has to let through many people and livestock for the Panathenaic procession

84
Q

How does the Propylaea relate to the rest of the Acropolis?

A
  • The Propylaea is on an altered axis to the old gate so it is parallel with the other buildings - harmony
  • You leave the east porch and the Parthenon is to your right, the statue of Athena Parthenons is ahead, and the Erechtheion is to your left.
  • Designed to look like a temple to fit in with the other buildings and looks worthy of the Acropolis
  • It echoes the Parthenon (e.g column proportions) but doesn’t compete with it (lacks sculpture)
85
Q

Where does the Panathenaic procession start and end?

A

Starts at the two gate gate, and ends at the altar on the Acropolis

86
Q

Which problems did the architect of the Propylaea have to overcome?

A

1) Lie of the Land - built on a steep and irregular continous ramp, uses steps to allow changes in height so the floor remains flat
2) Peleponnesian War
3) Fitting in with the other buildings, but not competing with the Parthenon
4) Fulfilling its practical function

87
Q

Who was the architect of the Propylaea

A

Mnesikles

88
Q

What was the east porch of the Propylaea like?

A
  • Shallow porch
  • Higher up than the west porch (so higher roof)
  • 6 Doric columns with entablature (same proportions as the Parthenon’s columns - visual link)
  • Columns are parallel with the columns in the west porch
  • Outer columns are slightly more slender than the inner
89
Q

What was the Propylaea’s cross wall like?

A
  • Had 5 doors (for maximum entry)
  • There was a large ceremonial door in the centre
  • The outermost pair of doors was smaller than the inner pair.
90
Q

How did the architect of the Propylaea use light and shade?

A

Light when outside, shade in porches, light as you exit.

transition to religous enlightenment

91
Q

What was the west porch of the Propylaea like?

A
  • Deep (for shade)
  • Has 3 Ionic columns either side of a central passageway (ramp) (Ionic for max space and recognition of other areas)
  • 6 Doric columns with entablature on the west side
  • There are steps leading up to the cross wall on the east side of the west porch
92
Q

What was the Propylaea’s south wing like?

A
  • Smaller than the north wing
  • Access route to the temple of Athena Nike
  • 3 Doric columns with entablature
  • Columns were smaller than the porch columns
93
Q

What was the facade of the Propylaea like?

A
  • People would approch on the ramp
  • The asymmetrical wings envelope the viewer, and appear identical and symmetrical as the viewer approaches
  • 4 steps of Pentellic marble
  • To the sides of the main entrance and below the steps are walls of Eleusinian marble - this makes the ramp the only entrance
  • Eleusinian marble is darker than Pentellic marble (contrast)
94
Q

How was the Propylaea decorated?

A

It wasn’t. There was no sculpture on the metopes or pediment so that it didn’t compete with the Parthenon.

95
Q

What was the north wing of the Propylaea like?

A
  • Larger than the south wing
  • 3 Doric columns with entablature
  • Columns were smaller than the porch columns
  • Purpose: Picture Gallery? More likely a room for ritual dining because of the off-centre doorway.
96
Q

When was the temple of Apollo at Bassae built?

A

430 BC (transition between archaic and early classical)

97
Q

Who was the temple of Apollo at Bassae dedicated to?

A

Apollo Epicurius (the averter of the plague) as he delivered the Phigaleians from the plague

98
Q

Who was the architect of Apollo at Bassae?

A

Iktinos

99
Q

Where is the temple of Apollo at Bassae

A

In Phigaleia, on a mountain, near Bassae

100
Q

What is the order and alignment of Apollo at Bassae?

A

Doric (but has features of all 3 orders)

N-S alignment (as Delphi, Apollo’s favourite site, and the land of the Hyperboreans, mythical worshippers of Apollo, are in those directions)

101
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of Apollo at Bassae?

A
  1. 48m x 38.24m

1: 2.64 (long)

102
Q

What are the columns of Apollo at Bassae like?

A
  • 6 x 15 (n x 2n+3)
103
Q

What is Apollo at Bassae’s front porch like?

A
  • Deeper than the rear porch

- 2 Doric columns in antis

104
Q

What is Apollo at Bassae made out of?

A
  • Local grey limestone

- Marble on the gutters, internal column capitals, and sculpture

105
Q

What is the cella of Apollo at Bassae like?

A
  • Bordered by 2 internal “colonnades” of engaged Ionic columns
  • Makes cella even more narrow
  • Alcoves create shade for drama
  • Columns have marble capitals with very curved echinuses, no abacuses, and flaring bases (very distinctive)
  • Has a continous Ionic internat frieze.
  • Very curved volutes - distinctive
106
Q

What is the adyton of Apollo at Bassae like?

A
  • A single Corinthian column in centrally aligned at the rear of the cella, creating an adyton.
  • Earliest known use of the Corinthian order
  • Has a side door on the east side (light for cult statue)
107
Q

What is the rear porch of Apollo at Bassae like?

A
  • Shallower than the front porch
  • False porch
  • 2 Doric columns in antis
108
Q

What is the overall theme of Apollo at Bassae’s sculpture?

A

Women

109
Q

What was the subject of Apollo at Bassae’s metopes?

A
  • The porches had a Doric frieze telling a continous story, like an Ionic frieze.
  • NORTH (front) = celebration of Apollo returning from the land of the Hyperboreans (associated with the bringing of spring) - women are part of a ritual celebration
  • SOUTH (rear) = Kastor and Polydeuces kidnapping and marrying the Leukippidai (daughters of Apollo) - women are victims
  • The porch metopes show women in positive and negative situations, and therefore show the goodness and violent power of Apollo.
110
Q

Where was all of Apollo at Bassae’s sculpture positioned?

A

Internal (porches and cella)

There was no external sculpture

111
Q

Describe Apollo at Bassae’s internal frieze.

A
  • Ionic frieze above the capitals of the internal columns and above the capital of the single Corinthian column at the rear of the cella.
  • Light would be dim = drama, tension
  • A continuous scene of violence with no beginning or end - drama, chaos
  • Depicts the centauromachy (centaurs attaking lapith women) and the amazonomachy (Amazon warrior women attacking men) – women as both victims and agressors
  • Can see the majority of the frieze from one position - overwhelming violence, atmospheric
112
Q

How does the architect of Apollo at Bassae use light and atmosphere?

A
  • The side door in the adyton illuminates the cult statue (would contrast the shady alcoves) - creates drama for the statue and frieze
113
Q

When was the temple of Athena Nike built?

A

427-424 BC

114
Q

Where is the temple of Athena Nike situated?

A

On the West side of the Acropolis in Athens, next to the Propylaea.

115
Q

Who built the temple of Athena Nike and who is it dedicated to?

A

The architect was probably Callicrates

Athena Nike = victory

116
Q

What is the order and alignment of Athena Nike?

A

Ionic E-W alignment

117
Q

What are the dimensions and W:L ratio of the temple of Athena Nike?

A
  1. 4m x 8.1m (smallest temple on the Acropolis)

1: 1.5 (very short)

118
Q

How is the temple of Athena Nike positioned within the Acropolis?

A
  • It sits on a stone bastion so it is a similar height as the Propylaea
  • It can be seen on the approach to the Propylaea
  • It has links with the Parthenon (introduces the visitor to what they’ll see inside the Acropolis)
  • You enter Athena Nike throught the south wing of the Propylaea or from a staircase that comes off the ramp
119
Q

What are Athena Nike’s columns like?

A
  • No peripteral colonnade (as it’s so small)
  • W:H ratio is 1:7.8
  • Have hollow volutes (something inserted?)
120
Q

What is the front porch of Athena Nike like?

A
  • Posts separate the entrance into 3 (for maximum view of the cult statue)
  • 4 prostyle Ionic columns (prostyle is unusual for a small temple)
121
Q

What is the cella of the temple of Athena Nike like?

A
  • Has no internal colonnade (as it’s so small)

- Had an archais cult statue of Athena Nike on a marble base

122
Q

What is Athena Nike’s rear porch like?

A
  • Temples this small don’t normally have rear porches, but this one does
  • False porch
  • 4 prostyle Ionic columns (having a colonnade at the back makes it more grand)
123
Q

Describe the temple of Athena Nike’s bastion frieze?

A
  • Around the top of the bastion on the N, W, and S sides was a parapet than had its own frieze underneath a marble moulding.
  • The frieze was visible on the ramp approach (for impressing visitors) and not from inside the sanctuary of Athena Nike.
  • The subject was Nike (victory) - shown with trophies, and leading bulls to sacrifice with a seated Athena in their midst
  • 90 cm tall
124
Q

Where is decorated on the temple of Athena Nike?

A
  • Parapet frieze on bastion
  • Pediments
  • External friezes
  • At the top of the cella wall is a painted band
125
Q

How are the pediments on Athena Nike decorated?

A

EAST: Gigantomachy (gods defeating giants)

WEST: Amazonomachy (Athenians defeating Amazons)

126
Q

What is the overall theme of Athena Nike’s decoration?

A

Victory

127
Q

How is Athena Nike’s external frieze decorated?

A

NORTH & WEST: Athenians fighting other Greeks (superiority, individuality, reminder of aid at Salamis)

SOUTH: Battle of Marathon 490BC (see N&W)

EAST: Deities gather around a fully armed Athena

128
Q

What is on the roof of the temple of Athena Nike?

A
  • Oversized bronze acroteria
129
Q

Why is Athena Nike Ionic instead of Doric?

A

Doric would be too plain - Ionic allows more decoration, better for the size

130
Q

What is Athena Nike’s altar like?

A
  • 2m from the east facade of the temple
131
Q

How is the temple of Athena Nike linked to the Parthenon?

A
  • Gigantomachy and Amazonomachy are also on the East and West metopes of the Parthenon
  • Athena Nike’s south frieze shows the Battle of Marathon (link to Parthenon’s history)
132
Q

When was the Erechtheion built?

A

406 BC

133
Q

Where is the Erechtheion positioned?

A

On the north side of the Acropolis in Athens

134
Q

What is the order and alignment of the Erechtheion?

A

Ionic E-W alignment

135
Q

Who is the Erechtheion dedicated to?

A

Athena Polias (political) as you can’t dedicate a temple to a human (Erechtheus)

136
Q

What is the function of the Erechtheion?

A

It is the religious heart of the Acropolis (it protects, preserves, and provides access to religious features that predate its construction)

137
Q

What problems would the architect of the Erechtheion have had? How did they overcome them?

A
  1. Comparison to the Parthenon -> Did something completely different instead
  2. Lie of the Land (simultaneously slopes downwards on the N and W sides - 3m lower) -> Used different levels
  3. Previous religious features -> Incorporate and built around them
  4. Function -> Protects and embellished religious features
138
Q

Things to note about the Erechtheion

A
  • No peripteral colonnade (just a dressed cella wall)

- 3 step stylobate

139
Q

What was the east porch of the Erechtheion like?

A
  • Has 6 Ionic prostyle columns
  • Columns are 0.69m x 6.5m = 1:9.42 (very tall and slender)
  • Large windows either side of the single door (lets light in)
140
Q

How is the Erechtheion structured?

A
  • East porch
  • East room of E-W cella
  • West room of E-W cella
  • South porch
  • North porch
  • Sanctuary of the nymph Pandrosus
141
Q

What is the east room of the E-W cella of the Erectheion like?

A
  • Probably housed the olive wood cult statue of Athena that wore a woven cloak (that was paraded and presented in the Panathenaic procession)
142
Q

What is the Erechtheion’s west room of the E-W cella like?

A
  • Separated into an anteroom with 2 inner chambers
  • 4 engaged Ionic columns (built into the wall with large windows between them)
  • Columns are 5.6m high (smaller than the east porch columns)
143
Q

What is the south porch of the Erechtheion like?

A
  • Also called the porch of the Caryatids
  • 6 columns are replaced by korai/caryatids (first use of this - korai are supposed to be imitations of Athena)
  • 3 western korai have their left leg bent, 3 eastern korai have their right leg bent - attention to detail
  • Above their heads are capital-like structures
  • Below their feet are patterns
  • South porch has no practical purpose - purely decorative
144
Q

Describe the sanctuary of the nymph Pandrosus in the Erechtheion.

A
  • Accessed through the north porch
  • Contains the sacred olive tree granted to the city by Athena
  • Contains the tomb of Kekrops, a great king (protected by a single marble lintel underneath the west porch columns)
145
Q

What is the north porch of the Erechtheion like?

A
  • Projects to the west so it can provide access to the sanctuary of the nymph Pandrosus
  • Contains the salt sea of Poseidon (a platform was built around it) and its corresponding hole in the roof
  • 3 step stylobate
  • 6 Ionic columns (larger than the east porch’s columns)
146
Q

How and why do the Erechtheion’s columns vary?

A
  • Different columns in the east porch, north porch, south porch, and west room.
  • The different heights, styles, and roof levels show off the architect’s skill.
147
Q

How does the Erechtheion fare in comparison to other buildings?

A
  • More complex (column variation, different levels, no plan)
  • Smaller than the Parthenon (more intimate)
  • Jarring?
  • Ionic - not restricted by size and shape of metopes, more flexibilty for sculpture
  • Detailed (more interesting)
148
Q

How is the Erechtheion decorated?

A
  • The E-W cella has a continuous Ionic frieze all the way around - some is covered by the North porch (no planning?)
  • The North porch also has sculpture all the way around
  • External friezes are Eleusinian and Pentellic marble
  • No pedimetal sculpture
149
Q

When was the Philippeion built?

A

335 BC

150
Q

Where is the Philippeion situated?

A

Olympia

151
Q

What is the Philippeion’s order?

A

Ionic

152
Q

What is the diameter of the Philippeion?

A

15.24m (smaller than the Tholos at Epidaurus)

153
Q

What is the Philippeion’s function?

A
  • To house the statues of the Macedonian royal family

- Construction was started by Philip II, and finished by Alexander (the Great)

154
Q

What is the Philippeion’s external colonnade like?

A
  • 18 Ionic columns stand on a marble base

- There is a row of dentils above the frieze

155
Q

What is the cella of the Philippeion like?

A
  • On the inside of the cella wall are 9 engaged Corinthian columns
  • Statues stand facing the entrance on the east side
  • There are windows either side of the single doorway
156
Q

What is the roof of the Philippeion like?

A
  • It is a single cone covered in marble tiles

- The tiles terminate in a bronze poppy head (decorative and masks ends of beams)

157
Q

What is the date of Tholos at Epidaurus?

A

Designed in 360 BC

Not finished until around 330 BC due to a lack of funds

158
Q

Who is Tholos at Epidaurus dedicated to?

A

Asklepios (god of medicine)

159
Q

What is the order of Tholos at Epidaurus?

A

Doric

160
Q

What is the diameter of Tholos at Epidaurus?

A

21.82m (bigger than the Philippeion)

161
Q

How many external columns does Tholos at Epidaurus have?

A
  • 26 Doric columns

- 3 step stylobate

162
Q

Where is Tholos at Epidaurus positioned?

A

Near to a sleppery that was used by healing patients (link to Asklepios)

163
Q

Describe the cella of Tholos at Epidaurus

A
  • There was a circular inner colonnade of 14 Corinthian columns that stood 90cm from the wall (needed for diameter)
  • Windows either side of the door for light
  • Columns had naturalistic foliage with an exposed bell, very thin acanthus leaves, and a flower in the centre on each side. The spirals were almost cut free.
  • The cella floor was paved with black and white rhomboidal slabs (alternate in elaborate pattern)
  • At the centre of the floor was a white slab that was removed to give access to the labyrinth crypt
164
Q

Describe Tholos at Epidaurus’ crypt/subterranean labyrinth.

A
  • The temple’s foundations were made of 3 concentric rings of walls with doors and partitions - creates a labyrinth underground
  • Access through the cella flooring
  • Used for shock therapy of patients - would go in at night, full of snakes
165
Q

How was Tholos at Epidaurus decorated on the inside?

A
  • Some of the ceiling slabs have traces of paintings and one slab has a flower carved in the centre
  • Cella floor pattern
  • Cella wall frescoes
166
Q

How was Tholos at Epidaurus decorated on the outside?

A
  • External metopes are plain apart from a large rosette carved in the middle
  • Marble gutter had acathus-like decorative features
  • Roof has antefixes shaped like stylised palm leaves
167
Q

What is the roof of Tholos at Epidaurus like?

A
  • A single cone that ends in an elaborate floral actroterion

Classics: Architecture & Sculpture (5 decks)

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