Archaea, Bacteria, viruses Flashcards
What are some things that archaea and bacteria have in common
Unicellular organisms, prokaryotic
What is the difference between archaea and bacteria
Archaea live in extreme environments
Why do bacteria and archaea tend to have cilia and flagella while eukaryotic cells often do not?
These organisms are single celled, not part of a multicellular organism, they must move around their environments to find resources and escape danger
What do the words heterotroph and autotroph mean?
Heterotroph: eats other things
Autotrophs: create their own food
What do the words aerobe, anaerobe, facultative anaerobe mean?
Aerobe: oxygen, with oxygen, needs oxygen
Anaerobe: no oxygen
Facultative anaerobes: can survive in oxygen rich or poor environments
What is the process that most prokaryotes use to reproduce? Outline the process.
Binary fission
One cell create a copy of itself and then divides to form 2 cells, 1 cell becomes 2 identical cells
What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Advantages: faster, more energy efficient
Disadvantages: lacks genetic diversity
What is conjugation?
A prokaryotic cell that has acquired a plasmid of genetic material from its environment can copy that plasmid and transfer the copy to a neighboring cell, enhances genetic diversity in a population
Why does mutation play such a large role in prokaryotes?
Due to rapid reproduction rate, incidences of mutation are greater
These mutations introduce genetic diversity into the population which generally lacks it
What are some ways that prokaryotes hurt us? What are some ways that they help us?
Benefit: gut bacteria help us digest food, participate in geochemical cycles (nitrogen cycle), some foods produced with bacteria like yoghurt
Harm: Parasitic bacteria are harmful/cause disease, some bacteria cause disease
What is the difference between antibiotics and vaccines?
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections
Vaccines prevent viral infections by promoting antibody production to prepare to ward off viral invasion
How does antibiotic resistance develop?
If antibiotics are used to treat an infection and not all bacteria are eliminated, remainder can develop antibiotic resistance and are no longer affected by a certain antibiotic
Important to take full course of antibiotics that are prescribed in order to avoid some of this
Also only take antibiotics when necessary
Why are viruses not considered “alive”?
Do not grow, cannot reproduce without a host, dont produce energy or waste
Give 4 examples of viruses
Measles, covid, norwalk, influenza, ebola, sars, chicken pox, smallpox, mers, hiv
Outline the lytic and lysogenic modes of the virus life cycle
Lytic: attack mode, virus injects genetic material, hijacks nucleus of host, host produces copies of virus, new copies of virus leave and destroy host, go off to infect new cells
Lysogenic: stealth mode, virus injects genetic material and gen material incorporates itself into host DNA, when cell goes through mitosis, viral DNA is also copied, lysogenic viruses can switch to lytic at a later time
