APUSH UNITS 1-3 themes and terms Flashcards
Jamestown
first official colony founded by England in North America in 1607 founded by the Virginia company, many colonists barely survived winters, their only because of Powhatan Indians
Plymouth Colony
where the Mayflower landed first settlement in what is now MA thought were landed coast of Virginia blown off course, where mayflower compact signed
Puritans
factions of Protestants thought that the anglican religion was not separated enough from Catholics and popery, sought freedom from religious persecution in Massachusetts; known for non-religious toleration creation strong central towns that focused on church membership
MA Bay colony
colony set up by Puritans who escaped religious persecution in England colony was based on laws of god and ruled by the Puritan religion and ideology
“city on a hill”
first coined by minister John Winthrop it was the ideology spread by the MA Bay colony that would make it a beacon of pure religion whereby these pure ideologies could spread back to England
Proprietorship
a colony created through a grant of land from the English monarch to an individual or group, who then set up a form of government largely independent from royal control.
Act of Toleration 1649
Maryland Toleration act ensured religions freedom for Christian settlers in Maryland (esp Catholics) to encourage immigration to the colony
Headwright system
first established by the Virginia company out of Jamestown any settler who came to the new world and could pay for their own voyage and had indentured servants would immediately be granted 50 acres of land
Antinomianism
means to go against the law or traditional teachings this is what Anne hutchinson was accused of doing when she preached against traditional puritan practices and said that religion could be studied without ministers
- Anne Hutchinson
kicked out of the Massachusetts bay colony for heresy she argued that ministers were false saints and did not need to be worshipped she advocated for self study of religion and because she challenged the authority of church and of men themselves she was removed from the colony where she later died
William Penn
founded the colony of Pennsylvania on a royal charter from King Charles II in 1681 he was a Quaker leader and founded the colony on ideals of religious freedom allowing for religious tolerance that was umatched throughout the colonies he also established the chain of friendship where he sought to ally with the Natives to mutually protect each other from other tribes
Navigation Acts
1651 and 1660 crackdown by British Parliament that regulated trade between Britain and the colonies with a list of enumerated goods forced to trade through Britain so that British merchants would always reap profit on American trade
Halfway Covenant
adopted in 1662 by MA to encourage numbers of church membership to rise decreed that children of full church members could become members of the Puritan church even without a conversion experience to speak of
- Jonathan Edwards
one of the main proponents of the Great Awakening in which he advocated for the idea of all people born sinners gave speech in 1740s “sinners at the hands of angry god” supporter of John Whitfield
Salem (1692)
year of the witch trails where thousands of women were burned alive or drowned because of accusations of witchcrafts stemmed from political and social tensions usually those women who did not conform to traditional standards would be targeted epidemic that spread throughout Salem court shut down and parliament involved
Poor Richard’s Almanac
anonymously published each year by Benjamin Franklin where he sought to distribute information about morality, justice, monetary status, and virtue to everyday people so they could understand
French & Indian War (1756-1763)
War between the French and British that involved Indians located in the Middle ground took a large amount of British capital although succeeded in expelling French from NA put undue pressure on the colonists bc British forced to tax them to repay debts from war, tension that led to American rev
Peace of Paris (1763)
officially ended the French and Indian war and solidified territorial claims
Captain John Smith
one who made Jamestown colony successful you don’t eat if you don’t work made sure colony survived
- Pilgrims
English people who settled in Plymouth off the Mayflower in 1620s religious group fleeing religious persecution in England separatists puratins
Mayflower Compact
first governing document signed in 1620 by all of the men onboard the mayflower stating that each member of the new colony must follow certain democratic rules and respect over arching authority such as trial
John Winthrop
first governor of MA bay colony known for extreme religious policies and known for no religious tolerance removed Roger Williams and Anne hutchinson
VA House of Burgesses
1643-1776 house of elected officials in Virginia that - first democratically elected body of authority in the colonies
George Calvert
he established the colony of Maryland in 1632 he attempted to gurantee religious freedoms to all of the catholics being persecuted in England
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676-1677 started by Nathanial Bacon in Virginia united groups of small farmers and started violent rebellion to petition with the governor that the natives should be removed from the colony and their land should be given rightfully to colonists who needed land for settlement Doeg Indians on Potomac river gov refused Nathanial said it was betrayal partially to indentured servitude
- Indentured servant
main source of labor until slaves in the colonies people who could not pay the fare to cross to the us would be forced to work under labor contract for 7-8 years pay off debt until received freedom dues from master usually land
- Roger Williams
founded Rhode Island in 1636 when he was kicked out of MA for advocating for soul liberty or idea of individual practice of religion
- Quakers
those who settled in Pennsylvania first to officially oppose slavery and to befriend natives religions tolerance worship of god without church or official clergy
Mercantilism
using the colonies for trade basically taking part of the colonies wealth by protection how Britain wanted to rule colonies
- Triangle Trade
trade that took place from 1400s to 1850s where millions of Africans where shipped from coast of West Africa to Carribean and then to NA or Europe
First Great Awakening
spirituality and religious devotion = revived new rebirth of the church 1730-1770s Johnathan Edwards focused on reformation of individuals church rituals and worship
- Cotton Mather
one of most influential puritan ministers of his time published many written works and was eventually accused of witchcraft
manumission
release from slavery
John Peter Zenger
journalist who established the precedent that freedom of press and that journalists could not be accused of seditious libel if what they were printing is true
Albany Plan of Union
The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government. The plan was adopted on July 10, 1754, by representatives from seven of the British North American colonies.
Salutary Neglect
it was the practice employed by British from 1690-1760 policy where English parliament stayed out of political affairs in Na colonies and let them rules themselves
Proclamation of 1763:
prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains after French and Indian war to avoid conflict with the natives but many ignored including washington
Virtual representation
is an idea developed in the British colonial period that said members elected to Parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations. rejected by the colonists they wanted representation in British gov to be from the colonies
Quartering Act (1765)
Quartering Act of 1765 | Definition, Significance & Summary …
The Quartering Act of 1765 primarily required colonial governments to provide and maintain garrisons for British troops stationed in the North American territories. major uproar throughout colonies
Stamp Act Congress
The Stamp Act Congress was significant because it was the first document with a list of demands that the colonists created to present to the British government. response to taxation all but one state followed (Georgia)
Writs of assistance
Writs of assistance were documents which served as a general search warrant, allowing customs officials to enter any ship or building that they suspected for any reason might hold smuggled goods.
Townshend Acts (1767)
raise revenue for Britain by increasing tax on various North America goods - uproar
Boston Massacre (1770)
The Boston Massacre was a deadly riot that occurred on March 5, 1770, on King Street in Boston. It began as a street brawl between American colonists and a lone British soldier, but quickly escalated to a chaotic, bloody slaughter. The conflict energized anti-British sentiment and paved the way for the American Revolution.
John Dickinson
prepared first draft of the articles of confederation opposed a separation from Great Britain and worked to limit language in the constitution wanted English monarchy
Committees of Correspondence
The intercolonial Committees of Correspondence were established in 1773 as information gathering and disseminating bodies. By 1774, they had established collective oppositional responses to British policies that were formalized in the First Continental Congress. (Colonia Williamsburg)
Intolerable [Coercive] Acts (1774)
response to the Boston tea party
The Coercive (Intolerable) Acts of 1774 · George Washington’s …
The four acts were the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.
First Continental Congress (1774)
meeting with 12 of 13 states represented where colonies sought to organize response to British intolerable acts mostly boycotting
Second Continental Congress (1775)
They established a Continental army and elected George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, but the delegates also drafted the Olive Branch Petition and sent it to King George III in hopes of reaching a peaceful resolution.(national park service)
Lexington & Concord
where Paul revere warned the redcoats are coming first shots of the revolution when British came to take away stock piled artillery and the militia fought back
Saratoga
Oct 1777 big win for colonists defeated general howe lifted moral one of turning points for the revolution
Loyalists (Tories)
those who wanted to stay connected with Britain and advocated for rule by the English monarchy
Treaty of Paris (1783)
The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States, recognized American independence and established borders for the new nation.
Annapolis Convention
meeting in 1786 that attempted to regulate trade between the colonies
Virginia Resolves
Virginia’s Resolutions. The Virginia House of Burgesses passed resolutions condemning Britain’s actions against Massachusetts, and stating that only Virginia’s governor and legislature could tax its citizens.
- Sons of Liberty
group of American colonists who disagreed with colonial British rule and sought to rebel against monarchy advocating for independence (Paul revere, John Hancock, etc)
Declaratory Act (1766)
revoked sugar act but asserted that parliament still had the compete authority to tax the colonists
Sam Adams
revolutionary leader sought to gain support to rebel against monarchy for unfair taxation
Patrick Henry
american politician give me liberty or give me death gov of Virginia construct constitution of va
Crispus Attucks
known as the first casualty of the american revolution he was an African american who was killed during the Boston massacre
Boston Tea Party (1773)
dec 16th 1773 around 30 or so colonists dressed up as native Americans and raided British ships parked in the harbor dumping over 300 boxes of tea in harbour equivalent of 4 million dollars today
Quebec Act (1774)
governmental precedent for Quebec after French and Indian war gov in Quebec catholics could hold office and free = got French Canadians on side of British
Articles of Confederation
adopted by continental congress November 15th 1777, first constitution of us until 1789 very limited power to central government = disunity
Common Sense
published in January 1776 by Thomas paine it used colloquial language to reach many of limited education reasoned colonists need to rebel against British - independence
Olive Branch Petition
created during first continental congress in 1775 which gave a list of terms that if followed by king George they would comply and return to being subjects of the English monarchy it was rejected
French Alliance of 1778
The Treaty of Alliance with France was signed on February 6, 1778, creating a military alliance between the United States and France against Great Britain. cancelled in 1790s when political leaders fearing anarchy brought country closer to Britain
Yorktown (1781)
Oct 19th 1781 where General Cornwallis surrounded by troops of colonists and French was forced to surrender - ‘ended revolution’ unofficially
Shay’s Rebellion
staged by ex- revolutionary war soldier in west Ma that opposed economic taxation placed on them and demanded that they be paid for their service brought Washington back to spheres of politcs who sent out 13000 troop to curb rebellion
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
gave criterion for a state to become part of union for northwest and outlawed slavery
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
meeting that sought to address the issues of weak government under the articles of confederation sought to discuss how the nation should be governed and how they should go about creating new consitution
- Alexander Hamilton
he fought in the American Revolutionary War he was a founding father signing his name on the declaration of independence under Washingtons presidency he served as the nations first treasurer (federalist) came up with financial plan for nation that modeled of Britain - wanted Bank of US wanted tax on imports tax on whiskey
New Jersey Plan
opposition to Virginia plan proposed at the Philadelphia convention wanted to protect the rights and power of the smaller states and thus sought to ensure that each state only got one vote in congress (overruled)
3/5s Compromise
created during the Philadelphia convention compromise made between the northern and southern states that dictated that in the south 3 out of every 5 slaves counted as members of population in determining representation and taxation by population
Anti-Federalists
opposed ratification of the constitution proposed in 1787 Philadelphia convention they feared that a stronger central government would threaten liberty compromised with the bill of rights
Loose constructionist
the practice interpreting the constitution very loosely and that the document must change and adapt as the nation grows thought that everything the document did not explicitly prohibit was allowed
Judiciary Act (1789)
established precedent for jursidiction in federal court system and allowed for creation of position of attorney general
Report on Manufactures (1791)
federal report made by Hamilton which urged the nation to increas domestic production proposal for government actions
Jay Treaty (1794)
response to British impressement of American sailors British made no explicit concessions except vacating forts on western frontier Americans forced to prioritize British goods when trading
Washington’s “Farewell Address” (1796)
stated that the country will only succeed through unity warns against repeating past mistakes and dangers of too many factions
XYZ Affair
“war” that took place between the French and the Americans between 1798-1800 where the French would capture american vessels, Adams attempted to stop it but the French demanded bribery the Americans did not comply which resulted in war until 1800 when treaty brokered that established peace
KY & VA Resolutions (1799)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: 1798 and 1799 by Virginia and Kentucky Legislatures which was published by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson essentially increased state compact theory of constitution and promoted the idea that states should created legislatures to protect the freedom of speech
Affirmed that states could still prosecute for seditious libel
James Madison
he was Americans 4th president from 1800-1817 he was known for drafting the constitution and the bill of rights for ratification in 1787
Virginia Plan
proposed in 1787 by James Madison this plan proposed a strong federal government under three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial division in representation through senate and House of Representatives also included idea of a federal negative
Connecticut Plan
the compromise made between vriginia plan and New Jersey plan proposed that the senate would have equal representation for each state and the House of Representatives number of votes determined by states population
Federalists
one of the first political parties in the US advocated for a strong central government wanted to ally with Britain and oppose France in its state of anarchy Washington and Hamilton were both federalists
Strict constructionist
congress only has the ability to carryout the explicit powers its was given in the constitution with no room for debate or adaptation
Federalist Papers (esp. #10)
the best form of government power stems from a strong central government in which power flows downward to the states
Report on Public Credit (1790)
written by Hamilton stated that in order for the US to establish credit it must pay back all of its debts in full
“Citizen” Genet
French diplomat in the US from 1793-1794 attempted to encourage the neutral US to join French Revolution and even encouraged the French to take over American ships under French flag and attack British ships
- Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
It was a rebellion in Western MA that was a response by small farmers who felt they were being unfairly targeted in taxation so they rebelled encouraged Washington to take to the field and leader 13,000 men army to quell the rebellion it calmed before any conflict took place
Democratic-Republican Party
Republicans they believed that the government should have less central power and the states should have more, because they felt a strong central government would hinder freedoms. also believed in a stronger alliance with France
Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)
Alien Act: Naturalization act forced immigrants to reside in the country for 14 instead of 5 years to gain citizenship as part of the naturalization process and the alien act allowed the government to deport individuals who they saw as dangerous to the country or other people
The sedition act authorized the prosecution of any assembly or publication critical of the government
Revolution of 1800
Jefferson and Aaron Burr = tied for votes in Senate election thrown to the house tied again Hamilton helped to sway election in favor of Jefferson
Resulted in 12th amendment to constitution which required separate votes for vice president and president start of rivalry that would end in duel between Hamilton and Burr leading to Hamilton’s death
First time the presidency shifted to oppositional power
