APUSH unit 4 Flashcards
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
In 1803 written by the chief justice John Marshall, Madison won, establishing the judicial review which gave the Supreme Court the power to rule an act of congress as constitutional or unconstitutional = example of check and balance to power of the federal gov
Barbary Wars
Even though Jefferson made a concerted effort to prevent the US from becoming involved in any foreign entanglements he was forced to enter a war to protect foreign trade
Between 1785-1796 the barbary states off the West African coast captured 13 American ships and captured more than 100 American sailors as ‘slaves’ in response the federal government was required to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in ransom and purchase payments to regain what was stolen from them but when the Barbary states attempted to increase the ransoms and Tripoli declared war on the united states
This was won in 1804 by the Americans in Tripolis harbor ending the conflict with a treaty that supposedly ensured the safety of American ships
But the attack on ships pretty much continued until 1812 when America delt one final blow to tripoli
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
served as a replacement to Jeffersons failed embargo act of 1807, it allowed for the US to resume trade with the rest of the world bar Britain and France
Battle of Tippecanoe
Nov 7th, 1811 fought between allied native forces against American forces under William Henry Harrison - turning point in relationship with the British bc they supplied the natives with weapons it was an american victory
Fort McHenry
The failed bombardment of Fort McHenry forced the British to abandon their land assault on the crucial port city of Baltimore. This British defeat was a turning point in the War of 1812, leading both sides to reach a peace agreement later that year.
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Peace signed by both the British and the Americans on December 24th, 1814 in the Netherlands, declaring a stalemate or truce in the fighting - news of this treaty was only discovered after the Americans won the battle of Louisiana in January of 1815
Louisiana Purchase
Under Jefferson Presidency 1803 it was the purchase of land from the French that expanded the American territory all the way up until the Mississippi River. It was made possible by the Napoleonic wars and the recent French defeat in Haiti, rendering the American territory too expensive
Impressment
practice of kidnapping american sailors and ships and forcing them to work under the British or the French Flag = one of the reasons the Americans entered into the war of 1812 and passed the embargo act of 1807
War Hawks
Led to emergence of “War Hawks” or a group of congressmen mostly from the West who were encouraging all out war with Britain they saw war with England as a way to protect american freedom but also a way to annex Canada and Florida where many fugitive slaves resided with Britain’s ally, Spain
James Madison
president from 1809-1817 he guided America through the war of 1812 he was a member of the democratic republican party
Andrew Jackson
president from 1828-1836, he was known as the president of the common man and gained wide support from American ppl, he was a participant in the American revolution, and he was a hero at the battle of Louisiana in 1815, he founded the Democratic Party and thought the power of the federal government should be limited but his entire presidency was filled with contradictions to this policy
Battle of New Orleans
successful battle after the treaty of Ghent had been signed - Andrew Jackson led American forces to victory over the British firmly ended the war and encorporated Louisiana as a state
Lewis and Clark Expedition
One year after the purchase in 1804 Jefferson sent Meritweather Lewis and William Clark on an expedition to explore this new territory surveying it for scientific purposes, remarking on its wildlife and ecosystems and perceiving its economic viability.
After spending the Winter of 1805 in North Dakota, they met a Native women called Sacajawea, the wife a french fur trader, she served as a vital member of the group and their translator
They returned in 1806 after reaching Oregon. They brought a vast array of information regarding biological species and the trade network with the natives that they uncovered who they found accustomed to dealing with Europeans.
Embargo Act of 1807
December 1807 he enacted the Embargo act with the support of congress
The Embargo act prevented all exports to Europe it served as a sort of economic sanction
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
leaders of the pan Indian movement goal was to discourage white settlement that pushed them off their lands - leaders in war of 1812 until they were killed
War of 1812
In June 1812 as the British continued their assaults on American Shipping, Madison requested to congress that a declaration of war be made
States from New Jersey Northward opposed war, and states south and west supported it. It was the smallest margin of agreement to go to war in American history.
The new country found it extremely difficult to finance the war especially since the Bank of the US’s official charter expired in 1811,
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814 United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, part of the Creek Indian tribe, effectively ending the Creek War.
Hartford Convention
series of meetings from Dec to Jan 1815, by various leaders of the Federalist Party in New England - wanted to propose amendments to the constituion about how the country made a decision to go to war it was partially a protest in response to the war of 1812, but these meetings actually led to a dissolution of the Federalist party
Market Revolution
1800-1850 changed american markets because of the increase in technology allowed for north to become industrialized and the south to become cotton kingdom - more interconnectivity throughout the country
Clermont (Robert Fulton)
NIHF Inductee and Steamboat Inventor Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton designed and operated the world’s first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton’s Clermont made its historic first run in August 1807 on the Hudson River.
Cotton Kingdom
The Cotton Kingdom (article) | Khan Academy
Consequently, by 1850, the states of the Deep South had become a “cotton kingdom,” a vast expanse of cotton plantations that extended from the South Carolina lowcountry to East Texas.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin
1793, revolutionized the process of cotton production, allowed for cotton seeds to be removed with great efficiency removed bottleneck of production = more to supply the north = more enslaved labor
Samuel Slater
first major factory owner in the US
samuelSlater - Blackstone River Valley National Historical …
Slater is known as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution.” His first mill, Slater Mill, in Pawtucket remains an important historic site that tells the story of the birth of the American Industrial Revolution. This event changed the United States forever, and still affects us today.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines. Its start and end are widely debated by scholars, but the period generally spanned from about 1760 to 1840.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Dartmouth College Vs. Woodward: 1819 supreme court case where where it upheld the college’s original charter against New Hampshires attempt to alter the board of trustees = precedent for support of contracts against state interference
Steamboat/Canal/Railroad/Telegraph
major effects of the MR = greater interconnectivity throughout the country
Erie Canal
1825 connected upstate NY to lower NY linked farming production to industry = connected led to more commercial based farming and quicker transport times
Adams-Onis Treaty
What is the Adams-Onis Treaty? It was a treaty between the US and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the US and defined the boundary between the US and Spanish Mexico. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy.
Cyrus McCormick
Cyrus Hall McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, which combined all the steps that earlier harvesting machines had performed separately. His time-saving invention allowed farmers to more than double their crop size and spurred innovations in farm machinery.
Lowell Mills
series of mills throughout the Northeast that specialized in textile production was especially known for mill girls
Mill Girls
New England textile mills pretty much solely relied upon female and child labor in their textile mills
Many small farming families would send their daughters to go work in these mills at a young age
Some saw the restrictive nature of millwork as an assault to women’s freedom but many saw it as an expansion of independence as women could now provide for themselves and participate in the workforce
Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons vs. Ogden: 1824 US supreme court case reinforced the commerce clause (federal government’s right to regulate interstate commerce) John Marshall ruled against the state of New York granting monopolies to Steamboats
National Road
1811 built by the federal gov:
The National Road (U.S. National Park Service)
The National Road opened the Ohio River Valley and the Midwest for settlement and commerce. The National Road linked the eastern and western states in the first half of the 19th century, running from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois.Jun 12, 2
B & O Railroad
first major commercial railroad in the US in 1827, began era of rapid expansion of railroads throughout the US
Henry Clay
senator from Kentucky, member of the democratic republicans and later the whigs, especially known for aiding John Quincy Adams in winning the presidency in the election of 1824 and he advocated for the American system
Porkopolis
name Cincinnati became known as because it became the center of production for pigs
Interchangeable Parts
invented by Eli Whitney around 1797, it was originally employed for gun parts but it became widely applicable to the factory systems, instead of producing one product as a time each person worked to assembly each party individually
Nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. - response to the onslaught of immigration from Ireland and Germany and Scotland in early 1800s
Age of Jackson/Jacksonian Democracy
Democracy in America (Alexis de Tocqueville)
originally published in 1835, called America the great experiment - describes the american form of gov iberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism, and laissez-faire.
“Citizens of Color”
free black Americans
Second Bank of the United States
part of Henry Clays American system: financial agency for the federal government
McCulloch v. Maryland
New supreme court case = McCulloch vs. Maryland which Marshall ruled that Maryland could not tax the second bank of the US
Missouri Crisis
Missouri compromise : Deal proposed by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay in 1820 which would resolve slave/free imbalance in the house by incorporating missouri as a slave state slavery was prohibited in the remaining portions of land left over from the Louisiana purchase
Election of 1824/”Corrupt Bargain”
extremely close election between JQA and Jackson election thrown to the House of Representatives Henry clay who lost the election lended his support to JQA and helped him win the presidency known as the corrupt bargain
Martin Van Buren
8th press of Us 1837-1841
“Manifest Destiny”/John O’Sullivan
John Louis O’Sullivan (November 15, 1813 – March 24, 1895) was an American columnist, editor, and diplomat who coined the term “manifest destiny” in 1845 to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Country to the United States.
Henry David Thoreau
tradescendalist known for publishing civil disobedience in 1849, he opposed slavery and believed individualism, idealism, nature
Charles Grandison Finney
Charles Grandison Finney | Revivalist, Abolitionist, Reformer …
Charles Grandison Finney, (born Aug. 29, 1792, Warren, Conn., U.S.—died Aug. 16, 1875, Oberlin, Ohio), American lawyer, president of Oberlin College, and a central figure in the religious revival movement of the early 19th century; he is sometimes called the first of the professional evangelists.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
faction of the mormon church who believe in the coming of JC
“self-made man”
term that rose to popularity during the market revolution was used to promote social mobility
Cult of Domesticity
also a product of the MR it was the growing notions that women of the middle class and upwards should be stewards of the home and the children, confining themselves to family not the chaos of the public sphere = republican motherhood
Richard Allen
In 1799 Allen became the first African American to be officially ordained in the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The organization of the Bethel Society led in 1816 to the founding of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, which elected Allen its first bishop.
“Family Wage”
A wage that is sufficient to support a family, including a dependent spouse and children. rose to prominence in labor unions as the factory production system took off
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a philosophy started in the early 19th century that promotes intuitive, spiritual thinking instead of scientific thinking based on material things.
Ralph Waldo Emerson one of the major proponents
Revivals
Revival is usually seen as a time of renewal in devotion among Christians as well as an increased zeal for God’s work and His Kingdom. especially during the second great awakening
Individualism
social theory that rose to prominence in the 1800s that the individual should promote their own autonomy over that within the state
Second Great Awakening
Second Great Awakening - Wikipedia
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. - make society perfect again
Joseph Smith
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day saints: founded in 1830 by Joseph smith, product of the revivalism
Mormons founded in 1820s by Joseph Smith a farmer from Upstate NY
He published the Book of Mormon: the church admitted anyone regardless of wealth or occupation
He also promoted the ideas of polygamy and by the end of his life he had married at least 30 women
Mobs drove smith and his followers out of NY
His successor Brigham Young led over 2000 individuals to utah to escape persecution
The Book of Mormon
published by Joseph Smith in 1830, like the Bible for the mormon religion
African Methodist Episcopal Church
left white episcopal church in 1887 because of discrimination and established their own faction - movement of the second great awakening
Workingmen’s Parties
The Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS), established in 1876, was one of the first Marxist-influenced political parties in the United States. It is remembered as the forerunner of the Socialist Labor Party of America.
promoted policies to help the american working class
“Nonproducers”
members of society who were not apart of production either agrarian or manufacturing - examples : doctors lawyers, politicians, factory owners
Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
Jackson’s first term = battle to uphold the supremacy of federal over state law
Tariff of 1828 which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool, iron, and other things = tension and protest in the south
South carolina = biggest tension referred to the tariff of 1828 as the Tariff of abominations they declared that it was only benefitting the north and state legislature threatened to nullify the law
Exposition and Protest
Published by John C. Calhoun in 1828, it was a response to the tariff of 1828, which the state of North Carolina felt was unjust by the federal government - beyond the realm of power given to the federal gov and that states could therefore choose not to follow it
States’ Rights
enumerated by John c. Calhoun who was the leading political theorists on nullification felt that the tariff of 1828 was a violation of the states rights
Force Act
passed by Andrew Jackson in 1833 it was a response to the nullification crisis, it had to be approved by congress so Jackson could use federal troops to enforce the tariff of 1828 in NC