APUSH Unit 6 1960s Flashcards
New Frontier
JFK plan that included
- Housing Act 1961
- Federal Transportation Act- build roads
and subways in rural and urban areas
-Vocational training federal program
- Increase in unemployment compensation
- Increased minimum wage
- Expanded the TVA- hydroelectric plants
- Appalachian Renewal Plan
- NASA Apollo Program
- Defense spending increased
Televised debates between JFK and Nixon which set the precedent for modern political debates, reaching a large audience when you could only hear debates and other politics over the radio.
Great Debates
Peace Corp- volunteer to help your country
“Ask not what you can do…”
Secretary of State under JFK
Dean Rusk
Secretary of Defense under JFK, urged halting bombing in Vietnam to encourage Communists to communicate, orders Pentagon Papers
Robert S. McNamara
Secretary of the Treasury under JFK, Republican that was a New York banker, JFK hoped he could show the world what he was doing in economics
Douglas Dillon
Attorney General under JFK, would have been next president if didn’t get assassinated
Robert F. Kennedy
Bay of Pigs
Failed American invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro
- Castro befriends the USSR
- Cuban exiles hired by U.S. land in bay at midnight and are overpowered by Cuban guerillas, supported Castro so didn’t rise up and fight
- Kennedy denies involvement and didn’t publicly support exiles
- If supported it would risk tensions with
USSR (Cuban Missile Crisis)
- If he did nothing he would look weak on
Communism
- USSR could take Cuba (U.S. neighbor) Communism comes close to U.S.
Founder of the CIA
Allen Dulles
Leader of USSR who threatened war assisting Cuba if the U.S. didn’t leave the Bay of Pigs, builds Berlin Wall
Nikita Khrushchev
Cuban leader who overthrows Batista and starts Communism in Cuba
- Has guerilla forces to back him up
- Seized all U.S. holdings in Cuba
- Breaks ties with U.S. and forms alliance with USSR
Fidel Castro
USSR builds a wall between Democratic West ——– (U.S., Britain, France) and Communist East ——-, Kennedy makes it clear the U.S will fight for this city if necessary
Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
U.S. surveillance photos found out that Khrushchev stored missiles in Cuba, close to U.S.
- Quarantine
- Soviets withdrew in the case that 1) the U.S. wouldn’t attack Cuba and 2) U.S. had to take missiles out of Turkey
- Creates crisis hotline so that this wouldn’t happen again
U.S. promised Latin American nations billions in economic aid, like Marshall Plan, to receive aid nations had to improve their farms, reduce poverty and promote industry
- Put in place to stop Communism spreading and to promote freedom
Alliance for Progress (JFK)
Program to train thousands of young American volunteers to be doctors, teachers, nurses in underdeveloped countries
- Problem: many countries had their own customs and religions which the volunteers had no knowledge of
Peace Corp (JFK)
The need to have nuclear weapon superiority- be the first to do this so the enemy cannot do the same
- Kennedy built more missiles to survive
attacks by the Soviets so they couldn’t
launch a surprise attack
First strike
Deter the Soviet Union from attacking the U.S. or any allies by having enough nuclear weapons to destroy the USSR even if they attack us first
M.A.D. (Mutually Assured Destruction JFK)
Known as Minutemen- stored beneath the ground in silos ready to attack at any minute
ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)
Missiles carried underwater by nuclear submarines
SLBM (Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles)
First successfully launched SLBM
Polaris
Soviet who was the first man in space, was sent in a satellite
- U.S. feared they were losing the Space
Race
Yuri Gagarin
First American in space, but behind USSR
- U.S. feared Soviets could use their lead in space to launch weapons against U.S.
Alan Shepard
No country is allowed to test warheads in the atmosphere, has to be tested underground
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963
U.S. Navy surrounded islands missiles were stored on and wouldn’t allow Soviet ships inside, prepared for nuclear war for thirteen days
Quarantine
French president who pulled France out of NATO because America didn’t consult with them or England about the Cuban Missile Crisis
Charles Degaulle
Meeting between England, U.S. and USSR to discuss French leaving Vietminh, applied Potsdam, set up election of 1956
1954 Geneva Peace Conference
Chosen by CIA to lead Vietnam, seems to have western values, leader of South Vietnam, unpopular with Buddhists because he’s Catholic but backed out of elections
Ngo Dinh Diem
Communist party of Vietnam, named after Ho Chi Minh
Vietminh
Vietnamese Communist party that stood for escalation of Communist influence in South Vietnam, replacing Diem, equality among the classes, improving education, taking land from the rich to redistribute to the poor, build infrastructure and liberate villages.
NLF National Liberation Front
Military wing of the NLF that utilized guerrilla warfare and underground network tunnels
Vietcong
Granted $1 billion in special investment tax credits for business firms making new outlays for machines and equpiment
Revenue Act 1962 (JFK)
Provided billions in urban renewal, improved cities and housing
Housing Act 1961 (JFK)
Creates new industry, retrained workers in distressed areas with high unemployment
- Gave unemployed federal insurance and
funding
Area Redevelopment Act (JFK)
Illegal to pay men and women different amounts for the same work
Equal Pay Act (JFK)
U.S. Steel Company Union accepts decent wage increase, but the price in steel greatly increases, companies dependent on steel would drive their products prices up too
- JFK demands the price increase part of
causing the stock market to later decline
Steel Crisis Response
Head of Mississippi NAACP, was murdered the night Kennedy made a speech taking a stance against racist laws
Medgar Evers
African American civil rights organization led by MLK, wanted change through nonviolent peaceful organizations
Martin Luther KIng/ SCLC
Black and white people who took buses in the South to protest segregation in bus stations
Freedom Riders 1961
Black veteran who tried to enroll all-white University of Mississippi, court allowed him to be admitted, governor wouldn’t allow it
James Meredith
Personally prevented James Meredith from enrolling in University of Mississippi
Governor Ross Barnett
SNCC forced this of public property and areas in the South, media helped by condemning riots, economic boycotts also benefited
Segregation/ desegregation
Form of protest where people refuse to move until their demands are met, SNCC
Sit-ins
Prevented black people from enrolling in University of Alabama but eventually gave in, desegregated the college
Governor George Wallace
First lady, wife of JFK
Jackie Kennedy
Kennedy’s vice president, takes over once JFK is assassinated (pig)
Lyndon B. Johnson
Shot JFK in Dallas parade
Lee Harvey Oswald
Pretended to be a reporter but shot Lee Harvey Oswald
Jack Ruby
Head justice of the Warren Court, investigated death of JFK
Earl Warren
Ended poll taxes, voting became more accessible, wider demographic
24th Amendment
Outlawed segregation in businesses (theaters, hotels, stores) banned discriminatory practices in employment and voting, umbrella to get rid of Jim Crow laws, employers provided equal opportunity
Civil Rights Act 1964
Let people of an area decide what they wanted done (CAPs Community Action Programs)
- Set up jobs, programs, training
- Funds for business owners to hire
unemployed, war on poverty
Economic Opportunity Act
Domestic Peace Corps to provide a chance for people to help the poor in the U.S.
VISTA
Helped people on welfare buy food, LBJ expanded it
Food stamps
Protected 9 million acres of federal land from corporation and private use, gave more power to government and took power from states
Wilderness Act 1964
Senator of Arizona who ran as the Republican candidate against LBJ, very conservative and wanted to free the party of liberal wing, lost in a landslide
Barry Goldwater
Wanted to get away from “me too” Republicans and wanted more free-thinking in their party, offers this
“A choice, not an echo”
LBJ’s running mate who was the liberal senator of Minnesota
Hubert H. Humphrey
Program LBJ wanted for America to elevate their way of life
Great Society
Citizens over 65 receive low-cost hospital insurance financed by increase in Social Security payroll tax
Medicare
Offered federal grants to states that wanted to set up their own plans to help needy people below 65
Medicaid
Gave aid to schools according to the number of students in poverty, no segregated schools could receive aid
Elementary and Secondary Act
Funded the poverty stricken mountainous region stretching from Pennsylvania to Georgia for urban development like highways and industry
Appalachian Development Act
Aided construction for building public housing, for urban renewal- clear slums and rebuild cities
Housing and Urban Development Act
Department of Housing and Urban Development
HUD
Abolished national origins quota system that had structured American immigration policy since the 1920’s, allowed new ethnic groups to come to America: Middle East, Central America, but accelerated numbers and illegal immigration
Immigration Act 1965
Leader of environmental movement
Ralph Nader
“Unsafe at Any Speed” helped this law that set safety standards for new cars and tires pass
Highway Safety Act 1966
LBJ inflation issue
The undeclared war in Vietnam increased the demand for goods, after a tax cut in 1965, citizens had more money and the government was spending billions on defense- wartime inflation
- Prices shot up
- Congress wouldn’t pass 10% subtax
- Great Society nondefense spending had
to be cut, caused programs to suffer
SNCC, MLK and SLCC led marches and protests that grew from the voting rights movement in this city in Alabama, it was a freedom march
- One protest was called Bloody Sunday
because of violent action- police threw
teargas at protesters
Selma March
Student organization dedicated to Civil Rights Movement, nonviolent, direct actions, originated sit-ins
SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Struck down methods Southern white people used to keep black people from voting- literacy tests and federal registrators/ observers to help black voters in Southern elections
Civil Rights Act 1965
A black ghetto in Los Angeles where riots erupted after Voting Rights Act
- Hurt Great Society programs
Watts riots
Riot mentality- rioters wanted to destroy, not build up
“Burn, baby burn”
Radical black leader who was Muslim and an anti-white extremist, believed in segregation, opposed MLK
Malcolm X
Black Muslims who preached black separatism and power
Nation of Islam
Leader of Nation of Islam
Elijah Muhammad
Appointed by LBJ to the Supreme Court, first black Supreme Court justice who headed the NAACP and successfully argued against segregation
Thurgood Marshall
Started by the SNCC, a new take on traditional liberalism that was more extreme and they wanted social change, very opposed to Vietnam
The New Left
Opposition of culture accepted by most everyday Americans
Counterculture
Crazy people who opposed everyday culture and values who used drugs and wanted to look different from the average American
Hippies
College students who were a politically conscious group and protested with those that opposed the Vietnam War, protested the environment
SDS Students for Democratic Society
Gulf of Tonkin Crisis
In the Gulf of Tonkin, two U.S. destroyers were attacked by Vietnamese gunboats. LBJ claims they were attacked without cause but later it was revealed that they were defending South Vietnamese gunboats raiding the North. He wants to fight back because of this, and announces on TV that the U.S. was going to attack North Vietnam.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
LBJ used his position as Commander in Chief to “take all necessary measures to repeal any armed attack” against the U.S. from Vietnam- controversial, some thought he overstepped.
- Most agreed President could use troops
to defend the U.S. without Congressional
approval, not send them into Civil War
across the globe
- LBJ backed this up with the Domino
Theory- if we don’t help Vietnam
Communism will spread, also afraid
Vietcong looked like Nazis, we should step
in
LBJ “credibility gap”
Even though he was president, many people didn’t trust LBJ because of how much he hid about Vietnam.
- What the people believed vs. what he
wanted them to believe
Surprise attack from Vietcong on Vietnamese New Year holiday, strikes cities in South Vietnam brutally. U.S. victory, Communists suffer large losses
Tet Offensive
American commander in Vietnam, “Wastemoreland”
William Westmoreland
Small village pillaged by U.S. soldiers. Americans shocked and outraged
My Lai
Replaced McNamara as Secretary of Defense. “Hard-liner” on the war and wanted to keep fighting in Vietnam, but eventually wanted the troops out.
Clark Clifford
LBJ resignation 1968
Resigned in 1968 after calling for peace talks with Vietnam to show he wasn’t just playing politics
MLK assassination 1968
MLK assassinated, causing riots to break out, shows how America had domestic problems too, not just foreign problems in Vietnam
Challenged LBJ for party nomination- called for negotiation with Vietnam and withdrawal of troops
Eugene McCarthy
Palestinian who assassinated RFK because he supported Israel
Sirhan Sirhan
“Chicago War” Democratic Convention
Thousands of Vietnam war protesters fought with police in the streets at the Democratic Convention. Millions watched as Hubert Humphrey was nominated for candidate. Made Dems look bad
Republican candidate in 1968 who wins presidency and promised peace in Vietnam
Richard Nixon
Running mate of Nixon
Spiro Agnew
Nixon won because of the support of these people who were Americans that stayed quiet and civil, but voted with law and order
“Silent majority”
First man to land on the moon
Neil Armstrong/ Apollo ll
Students were protesting on campus when the National Guard opened fire into the crowd and killed four people. Sparked many more anti-war college protests, led to repealing Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Kent State shooting
Cambodian Communists who terrorized Cambodia and were led by Pol Pot
Khmer Rouge
“One who brings light”, founder of Communist party Vietminh, leader of North Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
Laotian Communist party
Pathet Leo
“Fair Housing Act”- prohibited discrimination in housing, expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin
Civil Rights Act 1968
