APUSH Unit 5 Cold War Flashcards by DeeAnna Mills

a council composed of five permanent and ten non-permanent members that keeps international peace, monitors nuclear weapons and decided what to do when a country threatens to go to war

UN Security Council

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a council composed of all members of the United Nations that discusses international peace, disagreements, war

UN General Assembly

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border countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria that the Soviets wanted to make into a group revolving around Moscow

Satellite nations

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a speech given by Churchill discussing how the Soviet Union has spread across Europe, warned that they do not desire war but expansions of power and their doctrines

Iron Curtain

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minister-counselor of Moscow, sent long telegram about Soviet containment

George Kennan

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under Secretary of State who believed the Soviets wanted to take over the world, worried about the Communists taking over Greece, Asia, and the rest of Europe

Dean Acheson

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ruling Communist of Yugoslavia who broke ties with Moscow during the Greece-Turkey war

Marshal Tito

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Secretary of State who devised the aid bill, came up with the European Recovery Program

George Marshall

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Truman asked for $300 million for military and economic aid for this country and $100 million for this country, sent civilian and military personnel to these countries to oversee the use of our aid and to train their people

Greece-Turkey Aid Bill 1947

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British WWll leader who worked with Roosevelt and the allies, warned against the iron curtain rising in Europe.

Winston Churchill

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Truman’s policy of providing financial and military aid to any country threatened by Communism or under oppressive leaders.

Truman Doctrine

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a plan to rebuild the post-war European economy from inflation and depression, it was a monetary gain for Europe.

Marshall Plan

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law passed to help returning WWll veterans buy homes and pay for education.

GI Bill of Rights

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provides ground for development and regulation of making atomic weapons in the U.S.

Atomic Energy Act (AEC)

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Truman’s act that divided power between unions and management by constituting certain union strike policies unfair.

Taft Hartley Act

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created a 2 term limit for presidents.

22nd Amendment

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Both houses are Republican and Truman is a Democrat, they vetoed any programs that spent money and barely passed laws. Republicans wanted to shrink the New Deal, Democrats wanted to expand it.

80th Congress/ “Do nothing”

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Truman’s extension of FDR’s New Deal that called for higher minimum wage, housing, full employment and wanted people to go back to work. The do nothing Congress opposes it.

Fair Deal

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created the CIA, National Security Council and Department of Defense, restructured government and military policies from Soviet threats.

National Security Act

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meeting between Stalin, Clement Atlee, and Truman to discuss how much of German territory they would occupy (control zones), told Japan if they refused to surrender they would be destroyed, ended wartime alliances.

Potsdam

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Soviet attempt to get rid of Allies in their control zones by cutting off all access because they wanted to gain supremacy. Blocked all entrances to Berlin zones occupied by Allies.

Berlin Blockade

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization- alliance between U.S., England, France, Canada and Western European countries to protect each other if Soviets attacked.

NATO

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USSR’s own NATO- alliance between USSR and Eastern European nations.

Warsaw Pact

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governor of New York who campaigned against FDR and Truman, a liberal Republican who fought conservative Robert Taft, played role in nominating Eisenhower.

Thomas Dewey

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Supreme Court chief justice who used loose interpretation of the Constitution to advance the rights of African Americans, ruled Plessy v Ferguson unconstitutional.

Earl Warren

Conservative Democrats who broke away from the party in the 1948 election, mostly southern states fighting for a segregated old way of life.

Dixiecrats

Leader of Dixiecrat party from South Carolina, got votes from some southern states.

Strom Thurmond

House Committee on Un-American Activities who investigated un-American, Communist propaganda.

HUAC

Former state department official under FDR who was accused of being a Communist spy, the case was prosecuted by Nixon. Couldn't be tried for espionage because of statute of limitations expiring.

Alger Hiss

Time period where the fear of Communism spread and invaded America.

Red Scare

German physicist who worked on the atomic bomb project in America but was later arrested for giving secrets to the Soviets and was involved in the U.S.-Britain spy network.

Klaus Fuchs

Leader of the Communist Party in China, established the People's Republic of China, used guerilla warfare to take over the Nationalists.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Nationalist Party in China, he was Democratic, America tried to get him elected but Zedong takes over and the people flee.

Chiang Kai-Shek

Behind the Red Scare and McCarthyism, claimed to have lists of Communists in the American government but didn't have much evidence and used the American people's fear to become influential.

Joseph McCarthy

Federal law that required registration of Communist organizations to the government that then established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate un-American acts.

McCarran Security Act

Law that didn't allow anyone considered a political subversive to immigrate into the U.S., but gave preference to those fleeing Communist countries, showed America's effort to stay out of Communism.

McCarran Walter Act

American couple convicted of espionage by passing secrets to the Soviet Union about the atomic bomb and were eventually executed.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

First president of Korea who believed in uniting Korea, stalled peace talks, agreed to the war's end but didn't accept armistice conditions.

Syngman Rhee

American commander during the war against Japan. Led American government occupation of Japan after the war, commander during the Korean War, controversial because he wanted to invade China, kicked out of command in 1951.

Douglas MacArthur

Communist leader of North Korea who attacked South Korea and used Communism to take over and started the Korean War.

Kim Il Sung

Dividing line between North (Communism) and South (UN) Korea.

38th Parallel

Valuable Korean port where American forces under MacArthur launched a successful attack against the North to reclaim Seoul. Decisive battle of the war.

Inchon

Replaced MacArthur after Truman fired him. Takes over command of the UN forces.

Matthew Ridgeway

Demilitarized zone between North and South Korea.

DMZ

Democratic candidate who loses against Eisenhower in 1952, with Eisenhower winning in a landslide.

Adlai Stevenson

Eisenhower's Secretary of State who followed a policy of boldness that allowed America to threaten other countries with nuclear weapons. Created brinkmanship, believed in the Eisenhower Doctrine and containment.

John Foster Dulles

In order to protect national interests, we have to threaten war: push threats to the brink.

Brinkmanship

U.S. policy stating that it would protect the Middle East from any attack from Communist countries.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Came after the atomic bomb, made with hydrogen and was way more powerful than the A-bomb.

H-bomb

Hungarian-American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and hydrogen bomb.

Edward Teller

Eisenhower used this phrase in his Farewell Address, warning of the negative impacts the Cold War could have. All of the industries that produced military products pushed the government to engage further so that they could sell more products. Economics and war were tied together.

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower's "New Look" defense policy was to threaten this phrase with nuclear weapons to any act of aggression by an enemy country. Deterrence.

Massive retaliation

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, the UN protected Southeast Asian countries from Communist threats.

SEATO

Describes the abundance of pacts being made by Eisenhower.

Pactomania

Egyptian nationalist who nationalized the Suez Canal.

Gamel Nasser

When Nasser nationalized this body of water from the Britain administration, Britain, France, and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. They failed because the U.S. didn't help the Allies. The conflict was mostly over European oil, so their oil supply suffered.

Suez Canal Crisis

Egypt's last king who was overthrown by Gamel Nasser.

King Farouk

Iran's nationalist leader who seized British oil properties and and led the oil industry. The U.S. and Iran joined together to stage a coup detat to overthrow him because he was becoming a radical.

Premier Mossadegh

Communist leader after Stalin at the height of the Cold War who denounced Stalin and wanted a peaceful coexistence with the West. Visited the U.S. during kitchen debates to see how capitalism was benefiting America.

Nikita Khrushchev

The U.S. and the Soviet Union could compete economically, but wouldn't launch thermonuclear weapons.

Peaceful coexistence

This country tried leaving the Warsaw Pact to gain freedom from Communist ruling. Khrushchev sent in troops to keep them in line and the rebels were killed. Displayed how this country was a puppet government under the Soviet Union. Eisenhower does nothing.

Hungary Revolt

The world's first satellite that was created by the Soviet Union. The U.S. feared this technological advancement and also that it was spying on them. Led to the creation of NASA and the Space Race.

Sputnik

Passed in response to Sputnik, provided the opportunity and money to go to college and put government funds towards science, technology and innovative studies. Promoted higher education.

National Defense Education Act

U.S. first satellite to one-up Soviet Union. This satellite could go deeper into space.

Explorer l

Independent U.S. agency created to research aviation and space flights.

NASA

U.S. spy Gary Powers flew this plane over Moscow to get information about the Soviets but a Soviet plane hit Powers' plan and shot it down. Powers got 10 years in prison and caused a lot of tension between the USSR and U.S. since there was proof of spies. Caused collapse of Paris Summit Conference.

U-2 Plan/ Incident

American spy that flew a U-2 plane over Soviet Union and was shot down, given 10 years in prison.

Gary Powers

Cuban dictator who was pro-America and Eisenhower. CIA supported him, but he was corrupt. Overthrown by Communist Fidel Castro.

Fulgencio Batista

Communist rebel leader who overthrew Batista and took over Cuba. Allies with Khrushchev.

Fidel Castro

Legalized segregation as long as facilities were "separate but equal".

Plessy v Ferguson

Liberal chief justice Earl Warren was appointed and brought the Supreme Court in the direction of social change and the Civil Rights movement. "Separate is unequal".

Warren Court

Court rules against segregation in schools- overrides Plessy v Ferguson. Racial segregation violates equal protections of 14th Amendment.

Brown v Board of Education

Mixing of races in previously segregated schools.

School integration

Nine African American students were admitted federal troops under Eisenhower to attend a white high school after winning a court case allowing them to attend.

Little Rock, Arkansas

Arkansas governor who called in the federal troops to block the Little Rock 9 from integrating the school.

Orval Faubus

Civil Rights leader who staged a protest refusing to sit on the back of the bus where black people were forced to sit, and instead sat in the white-only seats. Supreme Court later ruled that bus segregation was illegal.

Rosa Parks

Civil Rights leader who organized many nonviolent protests and was arrested many times. Gave the "I Have a Dream" speech.

Martin Luther King

Protests by African American college students who sat at white-only tables and refused to leave until they were served. Success led to the formation of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee.

Sit-ins

Phrase describing the 1950s, when people had money and were willing to spend it for the first time since war broke out.

Age of affluence

People were happy after the war and had more kids, established conservative values.

Baby boom

The areas around cities exploded with homes and settlements. Wealthy people were able to move from slums to the cities. People were ready to settle and start families after the war. Cookie-cutter homes were built because of the demand.

Suburban sprawl

People needed a way of transportation to get to the suburbs. People hadn't bought cars since before the war because of a tight economy. Eisenhower built more highways. Cars helped other industries like malls and restaurants because of the increase in transportation.

Car impact

Because of the war people hadn't bought cars in years. But people were ready to spend money on new models yearly after the war.

"Annual model"

Success because the economy is prospering.

Prosperity

Region where several large cities and surrounding areas grew together into huge urban complexes.

Megalopolis

Americans were ready to buy consumer goods. Women were in the kitchen and wanted new vacuums, blenders, microwaves and conveniences like TV dinners. Rise in consumerism.

Appliances impact

Father of progressive education. "Learn by doing" education for life.

John Dewey

Austrian physician who founded psychoanalysis, brought life into psychology and questioning the mind in times of conformity.

Sigmund Freud

Reverend who advocated for positive thinking and dismissal of worries as a route to religious fulfillment. Wrote "The Power of Positive Thinking".

Norman Vincent Peale

The TV boom led to a TV preacher boom and he was one of them. Ecumenical: wanted to bring all Christians together. Warned against Communist evils.

Billy Graham

Southern gothic writer who gave an award-winning speech on the horrific reality of nuclear war. Anti-atomic weaponry. (As I Lay Dying)

William Faulkner

Leading artist in the Abstract Expressionism movement. Rebellious artwork that represented emotion.

Jackson Pollock

Pop-art movement leader who made fun of consumerism in his famous Campbell soup paintings.

Andy Warhol

Counterculture rock'n'roll artist that captured the essence of teen rebellion in the 50s.

Elvis Presley

Wrote the Catcher in the Rye which expressed the unpopular view of a teenager in the 50s struggling with the conformist world around him. Showed impersonality in the 50s.

JD Salinger

African American writer of Invisible Man who explored themes of loneliness, impersonality and lack of individuality for African Americans.

Ralph Ellison

Author of Catch 22 which was a satire novel that critiqued the idea of war and military pressure.

Joseph Heller

Author of the Naked and the Dead which displayed the horrific reality of the war.

Norman Mailer

Wrote Affluent Society that detailed the rise of America as a consumer and warned about a gap in wealth

John Kenneth Galbraith