APUSH - Time Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards
Anne Hutchinson
Definition and Significance
Definition: A Puritan woman in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who challenged religious authority and held meetings where she would explain her own interpretation of the Bible.
Significance: promoted the idea of having a personal relationship with God without needing church leaders, she caused conflict in the colony by questioning Puritan leaders, was banned from Massachusetts so she moved to Rhode Island, and brought attention to the limitations on women
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
Definition and Significance
Definition: an armed rebellion in Virginia in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against the ruler, William Berkely.
Significance: This event highlighted the growing discontent among the colonists, especially poor farmers and servants over high taxes, low tobacco prices, and lack of protection from Native American attacks. It exposed deep tensions between wealthy landowners and poor settlers, and led to colonial leaders switching from using servants to African slaves in order to prevent future rebellions.
Chesapeake Region
Definition and Significance
Definition: an area in the early American colonies, including virginia and Maryland, located around Chesapeake Bay
Significance: This region had a cash crop of tobacco and led to the need for labor (indentured servants then later African slaves), it was one of the first areas settled in by English colonists with Jamestown, Virginia being the first permanent settlement in America.
Congregational Church
Definition and Significance
Definition: A Protestant church in the New England colonies where each congregation independently ran its own affairs.
Significance: it was central to the religious and social life of New England colonies, which reflected Puritan beliefs and practices. It also promoted a form of government, with church members having a lot of control over community decisions and social standards. It also played an important role in the development of American ideals of self governance, democratic participation, and community responsibility.
Dominion of New England 1686-1689
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1686-1689 An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region, created by King James II to centralize control and streamline the administration of colonies.
Significance: it was an attempt by the English crown to have control over the colonies by reducing their self control and putting them under one governor, Sir Edmund Andros. It was very unpopular among colonists because of the authoritarian rule and revocation of colonial charters, which led to widespread resentment. It was dissolved after the Glorious Revolution in England, which saw the overthrow of James II. This event allowed to colonists to regain their self governance.
Glorious Revolution 1688
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1688 The overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch William of Orange, who became William III of England.
Significance: It established the principle that the monarchy couldnt rule without the consent of Parliament, leading to a constitutional monarchy and the English Bill of Rights. It also led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England and restored self-governance to the colonies which enforced the ideas of liberty and resistance. It also promoted greater religious tolerance and reduced Catholic influence and promoted freedoms and religious practices.
Headright System
Definition and Significance
Definition: A land grant program designed to attract settlers to the American colonies, particularly in Virginia, by offering land to people who paid for their own or or others’ passage to the colony.
Significance: The system led to migration and a bigger population in the colonies. It promoted the use of indentured servants, and wealthy people who paid for their passage gained more land for each servant brought over. It also led to the development of large plantation and the concentration of land ownership in the hands of wealthy planters, which had long term social and economic impacts on the colonial society.
Jamestown 1607
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1607 the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in Virginia by the Virginia Company.
Significance: It marked the start of British colonization in America. Early years had hardship, famine, disease, and conflicts with Native Americans. John Rolfe cultivated tobacco which turned Jamestown into a profitable venture and drove economic growth. It also led to the establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619 which provided an early form of representative government in the colonies and influenced the development of democratic principles.
John Smith
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1580-1631 An English explorer and soldier who helped establish the Jamestown colony in Virginia.
Significance: He took charge of Jamestown’s early years and implemented strict discipline and made alliances with Native American tribes (ex: Pocahontas’ tribe). He mapped the Chesapeake Bay area and documented encounters with Native Americans, which contributed to early English understanding of the region. His writings also promoted the Jamestown settlement in England which encouraged investment and immigration to the colony.
John Winthrop
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1588-1649 An English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Significance: He was the governor of the colony, a Puritan leader who wanted struct interpretation of religious doctrine and moral conduct in the colony, made the “City upon a Hill,” shaped the early political and religious culture of New England.
King Philip’s War 1675-1678
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1675-1678 A conflict between Native American tribes led by Metacom/King Philip and English colonists in New England.
Significance: One of the most devastating wars in early American history, because Native American tribes united to resist English encroachment on their land. It resulted in the destruction of many colonial settlements and the deaths of thousands of both sides. When the war was done, Native American resistance in New England was weakened and there were more English settlements. It also highlighted tensions between Native Americans and English colonists over land, trade, and culture.
Mayflower Compact
Definition and Significance
Definition: A document created and signed by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower ship in 1620 before they landed in Plymouth.
Significance: it was one of the earliest forms of self-government in the English colonies, and established legal foundation and rules for governance based on the consent of the governed. It emphasized the idea of a social contract, where individuals agree to form a government and abide by its laws for the common good. It also laid the groundwork for democratic governance and influence the development of representative government in America, and it is seen as a foundational document in American history which symbolized the Pilgrims’ commitment to establish a community based on justice and order.
Enlightenment Ideals
Definition and Significance
Definition: A set of intellectual and philosophical ideas that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe (during Age of Enlightenment)
Significance: Emphasized the use of reason, rationality, rights, personal freedom, secularism (separation from Church), human progress through science, education, and social reform, influenced democratic and republican forms of government based on sovereignty and constitutionalism, promoted scientific inquiry, social justice, education, womans rights. Shaped modern western societies and influence political revolutions (American and French revolutions), and laid groundwork for modern philosophy ethics, political theory, human rights, and social justice
Great Awakening
Definition and Significance
Definition: A religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, which emphasized emotional religious experience and individual piety.
Significance: a renewal in personal spiritual experience, emotional preaching, and focused on salvation and conversion. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards spread the movement widely. It challenged religious authority, promoted religious pluralism, and led to the growth of evangelical denominations (Baptists, Methodists). It had a big social impact and encouraged big participation in religious life. Led to religious tolerance and individual religious expression. It indirectly led to the development of democratic ideals, promoted individual spiritual equality and challenged hierarchical religious structures. It also emphasized personal experience and emotional connection with faith.
Indentured Servitude
Definition and Significance
Definition: A labor system in colonial America and other parts of the world where individuals (mostly Europeans) would agree to work for a specified period (4-7 years) in exchange for passage to the New World and basic necessities.
Significance: servants would sign a contract with their terms of service, servants had bad living and working conditions, people chose this lifestyle in order to escape poverty and seek economic opportunity with the hopes of land or freedom or skilled employment when their term ended, slowly replaced African slavery, it established legal and contractual norms, contributed to cultural and ethnic diversity in America because people from different European background would immigrate under these arrangements
John Locke
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1632-1704 an English philosopher and physician known as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.
Significance: He proposed that people have natural rights (life, liberty, and property) which could not be taken away. He also believed that government was based on the consent of the governed, and people would form governments to protect their natural rights, if the gov failed to do so, the people had the right to overthrow. He emphasized empirical evidence and observation in acquiring knowledge which challenged prevailing views of innate ideas, advocated for religious tolerance and the separation of church and state, arguing that religious beliefs should not be enforced by law. Ideas led to inspiring revolutions and the development of democratic governments, influenced American Declaration of Independence, and shaped modern ethics.
Johnathan Edwards
Definition and Significance
Definition: 1703-1758 an American preacher, theologian and philosopher who played an important role in the first Great Awakening
Significance: had fire-and-brimstone sermons emphasizing human sinfulness, divine wrath, and the need for personal repentance and conversion. He was a writer and thinker who contributed to Reformed theology and promoted Calvinist principles. He wrote “Religious Affections” which shows the nature of true religious experience. He was also president of the College of New Jersey (Princeton) where he influenced future generations of American religious and educational leaders. He emphasized personal piety, emotional experience, and a direct relationship with God which influenced the development of the American evangelicalism and protestant religious tradition.
Middle Passage
Definition and Significance
Definition: a horrific transatlantic journey that slaves were forced to go on as they were being transported from West Africa to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
Significance: They were packed tightly with little space, poor sanitation, and not much food. People died from disease, abuse, and malnutrition. It devastated African societies, led to population loss, social disruption, and economic changes. It also highlighted several brutal realities of slave trade and inspired racism.
slave codes
Definition and Significance
Definition: laws established in the American colonies to regulate the behavior and treatment of slaves, and determine their legal status.
Significance: They restricted the rights of enslaved people, defined them as property, and enforced harsh punishments for those who broke the laws. It helped maintain power and control of the slaveholding class, allowed racism, led to future inequalities, and racial injustice.
Stono Rebellion 1739
Definition and Significance
Definition: A major slave uprising on September 9th, 1739 in the colony of South Carolina
Significance: A group of enslaved Africans led by Jemmy gathered at the Stono River, took weapons, and tried to march to Spanish Florida which promised enslaved people freedom. They killed many white settlers and burned plantations but were later defeated by the colonial militia. It led to stricter slave codes such as the Negro Act of 1740 (restricted slave assembly, education, and movement). It highlighted the desire for freedom and showed how far the Africans would go to resist oppression. It led to fear among slave holders. It is remembered a one of the largest and most important slave uprisings in colonial America and reflected the resistance and struggles of enslaved people against the institution of slavery.
Triangle Trade
Definition and Significance
Definition: A system of transatlantic trade routes that formed a triangular pattern between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the 16th to 19th centuries
Significance: It led to big profits for European traders and colonial planters. It drove economic growth, slave trade, and the expansion and development of European colonies.
Holy Experiment
Definition and Significance
Definition: A term used by William Penn to describe his attempt to establish a colony in Pennsylvania based on principles of religious freedom, equality, and democratic governance.
Significance: Penn wanted to make a haven for persecuted religious groups, and allow multiple beliefs to coexist peacefully. His government had elected representatives and ensured all men could participate. He also promoted fair treatment of Native American and land purchases, striving for equitable relations. It set an example for religious tolerance.
Separatists
Definition and Significance
Definition: A group of English protestants in the16th and 17th centuries who sought to separate from the Church of England and establish their own independent congregations
Significance: They thought the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and chose to break away and form their own churches. The most famous Separatists were known as pilgrims, who settled in Plymouth Colony in 1620 after felling religious persecution in England and Holland. Their migration was driven by the desire for religious freedom and led to the establishment of one of the first successful English colonies. This led to religious tolerance in colonial America, influencing the principles of religious liberty in the Constitution.
Pilgrims
Definition and Significance
Definition: A group of English Separatists who traveled to America on the Mayflower in 1620 trying to escape religious persecution and establish a new colony based on their own religious beliefs.
Significance: They set sail from England and arrived in Plymouth Rock (Massachusetts) establishing Plymouth Colony. They wanted to make a community where they could freely practice their faith, seperate from the Church of England. Before leaving, they signed the Mayflower Compact which was an agreement to govern themselves by majority rule. They are a symbol for religious liberty.
Corporate colonies
Definition and Significance
Definition: aka charter colonies, settlements established by a charter granted to a joint-stock company or corporation by the English crown. The charter gave the company the authority to govern the colony and manage its affairs.
Significance: They were governed according to the rules of their charter. They mainly wanted economic gain, so the companies would invest in the colony’s development so that they could get rich from trade and resources. EX: Virginia and Massachusetts. They laid the groundwork for future governance structures and colonial policies.
Royal Colonies
Definition and Significance
Definition: territories in the British Empire that were directly controlled by the monarchy with governance overseen by a royal governor appointed by the king.
Significance: The king or queen had direct authority over the colony, and a royal governor was appointed to manage its affairs, usually with assistance of a royal council. Royal colonies typically had elected assemblies that could make local laws, but their powers were limited and subject to approval by the governor and the British crown. EX: Virginia after 1624, New York, and Georgia. They represented a more centralized form of control compared to proprietary or charter colonies reflecting the British crowns efforts to assert greater authority over colonial governance. This led to tensions between the colonies and England which eventually led to the American Revolution.
Proprietary colonies
definition and significance
Definition: territories granted by the English crown to people who had been given the authority to govern and manage the colony.
Significance: The proprieter/s had significant control over the colony. They could appoint governors and establish laws. EX: Pennsylvania (granted to William Penn) Maryland (granted to the Calvert family) and Delaware. Proprietors wanted to attract settlers by offering land and incentives which shaped the colony’s development.
Mercantilism
definition and significance
Definition: more exports than imports Significance: Governments sought to maximize exports and minimize imports through tariffs, trade restrictions, and monopolies, so that they could get a favorable balance of trade. Colonies were a source of raw materials and markets for the mother country’s manufactured goods, reinforcing the economic dependency of colonies. Mercantilist policies usually involved heavy government intervention in the economy to regulate trade and protect national interests. It drove European powers to establish and expand colonies which were crucial to their economic strategies and wealth gain.
Navigation Acts 1651
definition and significance
Definition: A series of laws enacted by the British Parliament that regulated colonial trade and ensure that trade benefited England.
Significance: They controlled the trade in the Americas in order to follow the rules of mercantilism
Act of Toleration 1689
definition and significance
Definition: 1689 a law passed by the British Parliament which granted religious freedom to nonconformists (Protestants who were not members of the Church of England) and Roman Catholics in England, though it still maintained the Church of England as the established church
Significance: The Act allowed for the legal practice of religions other than Anglicanism, including various Protestant denominations, but did not extend full equality to Catholics or non-Christian religions. It was part of a broader effort to promote religious tolerance nad reduce religious conflicts in England, following the Glorious Revolution and the rise of William III. It excluded Catholics from holding public office and restricted some of their civil rights. It set a precedent for religious tolerance in Britain, influencing later laws and policies on religious freedom. It also contributed to the development of a more tolerate approach to religion, which influenced the American colonies’ attitudes towards religious freedom and diversity.
John Peter Zenger
definition and significance
Definition: 1697-1746 A German-American printer and journalist who fought for freedom of the press in America.
Significance: He was arrested for printing and publishing criticisms of the colonial governor of New york, William Cosby, which led to charges of seditious libel. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, argued that Zenger’s statements were based on truth and that criticism of government officials should not be punishable if the statements were factual. He was acquitted, nad the case set a precedent for the freedom of the press, affirming that the truth is a defense against charges of libel. It contributed to the First Amendment protections for freedom of the press.
