APUSH Period 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis
A
Important as it pointed out that America had a frontier, and other countries didn’t. Written in 1893. Showed that Americans had freedom because of the frontier, and that is why they cared about having that independence.
2
Q
New Imperialism
A
Fear occurred on this on what would happen to America after the frontier ended. America tried to expand its territories.
3
Q
International Darwinism
A
Social Darwinism that was applied to other countries. Led to America wanting to grow and expand to be better than others.
4
Q
William H. Seward
A
Russia wanted to get rid of alaska to get money because of war. Tried to sell it to America for 10m, actually became 7.2m.
5
Q
Hawaii
A
America sent missionaries here, they realized how perfect the weather is, and started farming. The Dole Family was a family that did this. They queen of hawaii didn’t like this, but the american farmers planned a coup overthrew her in 1893, and annexed it in 1900.
6
Q
Spanish American War
A
Caused by the rise of jingoism, which was intense nationalism and aggressive foreign policy. Spain crushed a revolt by Cuban nationalists. Yellow Journalism lead to false and exaggerated accounts of Spanish Atrocities. America sided with the Cubans.
7
Q
USS Maine
A
Ship used to proctor Cuba that was mysteriously exploded, the Spanish were blamed. Had nothing to do with spanish. This pushed for war.
8
Q
Teller Amendment
A
President William Mckinley requested congress to go to war. This stated that the us had no intention of taking Cuba (but not necessarily Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines).
9
Q
Treaty of Paris 1898
A
Cubans got independence, us gained Puerto Rico and Guam. US also got the Philippines for 20 Million.
10
Q
Insular Cases
A
Americans didn’t really want new people from colonies to be part of America, or have citizenship. Cases on the decision of the rights of the new people was chosen by congress. Had the biggest impact on the philippines, as they were the most different. Outcome was that people in American colonies were not entitled to the same protections as American citizens.
11
Q
Filipino Rebellion
A
The filipino people thought that America was going to free them, but America kept on to them. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the philippines gained freedom.
12
Q
Puerto Rico
A
During WW1 congress decided that this country can get citizenship as a deal to be able to draft them for war.
13
Q
Cuba
A
America still had soldiers in this place after the Spanish American War. An agreement was made for soldiers to leave, and to make sure that this country can’t make deals with countries that America is against, and that the US could “Preserve” this countries independence.
14
Q
Guantanamo Bay
A
American Naval Base in florida. It is a secretive base with prisoners.
15
Q
Big Stick Policy
A
Policy used by Teddy Roosevelt, to be less isolationist, and to negotiate peacefully, be aggressive in foreign policy, and build america’s reputation as a world power. “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
16
Q
The Panama Canal
A
Columbia refused the construction of this, and America lead a revolution in Panama to allow for this construction. Teddy Roosevelt took over this failed french project, and did this.
17
Q
Great White Fleet
A
16 ships that Roosevelt orders to show America’s strength. He send them on a world tour.
18
Q
Roosevelt Corollary
A
1901-1909 Extended the Monroe Document, and said that the US would intervene in a last resort for the countries in the Americas. Dominican Republic owed some countries money, and the US sent their military to protect them.
19
Q
Dollar Diplomacy
A
1909-1913 President William Taft provided financial investment to build diplomacy.
20
Q
Moral Diplomacy
A
1913-1921 Woodrow Wilson. US would picked allies that were shared American values and ideals.
21
Q
Boxer Rebellion
A
China had spheres of influence, and didn’t rule itself, different european countries had influence on them. America wanted some influence, so they put in the Open Door Policy. The boxers rebelled, and with the help of Europe and America, they were put out. America got a bite of influence.
22
Q
Open Door Policy
A
Said that everyone should have access to China, not just European countries.
23
Q
Boxers
A
They hated the foreigners in China, and the spheres of influence. They believed in martial arts.
24
Q
Anti-Imperialism
A
Reasons people were for this was because of racism, and George Washington, who warned about getting involved in foreign affairs. They thought it was hypocritical to take control of other countries, as America was founded on self-governance/self-determination. Others felt that imperialism was morally wrong.
25
Anti-Imperialist League
Supporters included Mark Twain, William Jennings Bryan, and other intellectuals. They were against imperialism, and foreign affairs.
26
William Jennings Bryan
Was against imperialism. Said the America was different than the british or spanish, as no one really feared us as an imperial control.
27
Progressive Era
Came from the ideas of the populist party. Wanted to reform society for the Middle Class, College Educated, Men/Women. This era was opposed to monopolies, wanted better working conditions, honest government, improved human condition, and rights for women (including the vote).
28
Teddy Roosevelt
First progressive president. Thought that not all monopolies are bad, some are worse than others. Wanted consumer protection (food and snake oil), and conservative measures on natural resources.
29
Square Deal
“Fair” plan for America by Teddy Roosevelt. Wanted to make life fair for America. Goals of the plan were to conserve natural resources, and the wilderness, control corporations, and protect consumers. Good Monopolies benefited society, included USS. Bad Monopolies hurt society, Teddy went after Standard Oil, and broke it up into 7 companies.
30
Muckrakers
Journalists who investigated issues plaguing American society. Uncovered the “Muck” of society. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair exposed issues plaguing immigrants/meat packing industry.
31
The Pure Food and Drug Act
With the help of The Jungle. Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of mislabeled foods and drugs (Medicine). Helped with Snake Oil drugs.
32
Terrible Health Choices
Radium Water (Radioactive Water). Cocaine in medicine.
33
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
The company behind this was high on a building, had no sprinklers, and no fire escape. The owner of the company also locked the doors out of fear that workers were stealing from him. A fire in the workplace started, the women were trapped inside. The women in the factory jumped to their deaths off of the top of the building. Lead to workplace safety.
34
Forest Reserve Act
Roosevelt added 150 million acres of land and five new national parks to this.
35
Newlands Reclamation Act
Provided irrigation to dry western lands.
36
Secret Ballot aka The Australian Ballot
Voters started voting with privacy in a booth.
37
Initiative, Referandum, and Recall
Makes it so that if you get enough civil participation for a cause, Americans can vote on that cause.
38
Progressive Era Political Change
Voters now voted for the candidates, not the party. 17th amendment meant that senators are voted directly.
39
18th Amendment
Pushed by the temperance movement.
40
Volstead Act
Passed by congress to enforce the 18th amendment.
41
Prohibition
Lead to murders by people like Al-Capone, and people making moonshine.
42
Carrie Chapman Catt
National American Woman Suffrage Association. Focused on suffrage at local and state levels first.
43
19th Amendment
WW1 persuaded Woodrow Wilson and congress to act for the suffrage of women. Granted right to vote in all elections.
44
African Americans during the Progressive Era
WEB Du Bois wanted people to fight immediately for their political and social rights.
45
Niagara Movement
1905 African Americans discussed ways to secure civil rights. The NAACP was a part of this, and it attempted to abolish all forms of discrimination.
46
Great Migration
African Americans left the south for opportunity and rights. Led to increase of population in the north.
47
Woodrow Wilson
Shared many of the political ideas as Teddy Roosevelt. Disliked monopolies, helped pass the clayton antitrust act, the child labor act, and act for low interest loans.
48
Clayton Antitrust Act
Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, as it was hard to enforce.
49
Child Labor Act
Deemed unconstitutional later. Prohibited child labor.
50
Federal Farm Loan Act
Made taking out loans easier for farmers.
51
Federal Reserve
Woodrow Wilson established this to stabilize the economy. This organization has immense power, including the interest rates. They deal with the money supply, and have 12 district banks.
52
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's version of the Square Deal
53
Socialist Party
Felt that not enough progressive movement was happening. Tended to be workers. Wanted public ownership of utilities, railroads, steel, and oil. Wanted 8 hour workdays, and worker pensions for everyone. Fairly popular.
54
Eugene V Debs
Received nearly 1 million votes (6 percent) in 1912.
55
Triple Entente
Were the British, French, and Russians
56
Triple Alliance
Were Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy.
57
WW1
America didn’t participate in this, and Americans could care less. Americans did make an economic alliance with Great Britain and France, for War Supplies, and Loans.
58
Submarine Warfare
Used for the first time in WW1, by the Germans around the British Isles and French Coast.
59
Lusitania
In 1915, a German U-Boat torpedoed and sunk a british passenger ship. Americans died, which led the public into seeing Germany as the bad guys.
60
1917
When the United States became involved in the war. This is when the germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
61
Zimmerman Telegram
German sent a message to Mexico to keep Americans busy, and invade America. They promised the land that Mexicans lost to America. Led to more support from Americans.
62
Anti-German Hate
War with the german people led to this.
63
War Industries Board
Set production priorities for american manufacturing.
64
WW1 American Administration
Food Administration, Americans were told to eat less of some foods, or make gardens. Fuel Administration, Americans were told to use less fuel, drive less, daylight savings, use less electricity. Railroad Administration, took over all of the railroads in america to ship all the goods and supplies around the country. National War Labor Board, handled disputes with workers, start of 8 hour workday, and put women in the workplace.
65
War Revenue Act
1917, Established war bonds, which were investments americans can buy to help america. Also meant more common income tax.
66
Committee on Public Information
Organization on political propaganda to help with war effort. Created the I WANT YOU poster.
67
Selective Service Act
1917 The US system to draft men into the military. 2.8 million men were drafted because of this. Only half of the men made it to the western front.
68
African Americans and WW1
They were segregated units, and were barred from the Marine Corps. Weren’t generally allowed to fight on the front lines. Harlem Hellfighters were a group of African Americans that were given to the French for support. This group of minorities weren’t respected by america, and set up to fail.
69
Puerto Ricans and WW1
Congress made a deal with them to make their people citizens, if they allow for a draft on them .
70
Women and WW1
Many of these people volunteered for the red cross, and many worked in factories. After WW1, Woodrow Wilson supported women's suffrage, and pushed for the 19th amendment.
71
Espionage Act
Provided for imprisonment of up to 20 years for anyone who incited a rebellion or obstructed the draft.
72
Sedition Act
Prohibited anyone from making abusive or disloyal remarks. About 200 people were jailed. Eugene V Debs - Sentenced to 10 years in jail for speaking out against the war.
73
Schenck V US
Free speech can be limited if it presents clear and present danger to public.
74
The 14 Points
Principles to secure peace by Woodrow Wilson which included reduction of national weapons, end to secret alliances, and association of nations for peace.
75
Treaty of Versailles
1918, Germany surrenders, and is forced to take the blame for the war. The League of Nations is formed.
76
League of Nations
Opposed by congress as it may interfere with US sovereignty. Instead of trying to persuade Congress, Wilson went on a national tour to get this ratified, but isolationist in the Senate opposed it.
77
Spanish Flu
Killed almost 700,000 people. Armies didn’t report on it to protect their interests in the war. Was exacerbated by the mechanisms of war.
78
The Red Scare
Large fear of communism in Americans. This came from the Russian Revolution in 1917, which made Americans realize that if a first world country could be changed like this, so could America. Added to by the movie of The Red Menace, and book Is This Tomorrow.
79
Palmer Raids
1920 Set of weird bombings said to be done by communists. Never found out who did the bombings.
80
The Roaring Twenties
The nation was doing good economically, hollywood was doing good, music and radio. Baseball and boxing were like by Americans.
81
The Roaring Twenties Economy
Unemployment rate was below 4 percent, many people became very rich, QOL increased (plumbing, electricity). Commoners invested in stocks and go rich. There were corporate tax cuts, decreased banking regulation, and non-enforcement of antitrust laws.
82
The Roaring Twenties Industry
Increased productivity came from perfection of the assembly line (Henry Ford). Ford made cars that were very cheap. Other technologies like fridges and washing machines were easier for people to buy, because of the efficiency of creating them. Coal was replaced for Oil.
83
Consumer Economy
Because of the cheap and efficiently produced goods, this grew.
84
Rise of Credit
Allowed people to buy more things.
85
Modern American Culture
1920 More than half of Americans lived in cities, which brought new forms of entertainment, such as dances, movies, music, and fashion. Time of the Jazz Age and Hollywood.
86
Radio
Introduced in 1920, and by 1930, half of America had them in their homes.
87
Harlem Renaissance
After the Great Migration, many black people lived in Harlem, NY and Bronzeville. Out of these places came people like Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington/Louis Armstrong, and Marcus Garvey who advocated racial pride and black separatism and organized the United States' first Black nationalist movement
88
Modern Women’s Rights
Women had achieved suffrage and prohibition. After 1920s women started fighting for birth control, control of their bodies, dress, and lifestyle. Women pushed politicians to allow women to have the right to divorce.
89
Margaret Sanger
Worked for the legality of women having contraceptives, Founded Planned Parenthood (abortion).
90
The Flappers
Showed their legs, knees, and shoulders. They challenged traditional dress. Cut their hair short. They partook in nightlife, drank, and smoke. Morality Police would fine or arrest people for wearing revealing clothing.
91
Modernists
Said that holy books should not be taken literally, as they believed in evolution. Largely in the North. They took a more critical view of the bible.
92
Fundamentalists
Believed that holy books should be taken literally. Did not believe in evolution. Lived in the south.
93
Scopes Monkey Trial
In the bible belt John T Scopes taught both the evolution theory, and creationism, and he was found guilty. William Jennings Bryan was brought in as an expert witness, and the defense asked about people surviving in whales, which the public (radio) received well.
94
Nativism
1919-1921 over 1 million immigrants came to america. Competition for jobs, religion, and communist hysteria led to these people's fears.
95
Quota Act
Of 1921 and of 1924. Limited immigration to 3 percent of foreign born persons from a given nation. The second one restricted “undesirables” from Japanese and other countries they didn’t like. In 1927 there were no japanese allowed in america
96
Sacco and Vanzetti
These people were charged for robbery and murder. Used by anti-immigrants to say that immigrants are bad people. Like the scopes trial, people listened to this on the radio. After they were killed it was shown they didn’t do it.
97
KKK
They rose up again, but now they diversified to Catholics, Jews, and Communists. Popular in the Midwest and the South. Grew to 5 Million members by 1925.
98
Birth of a Nation
Movie that glorifies the KKK. It was shown in the White House by president Woodrow Wilson (was his favorite movie). Earned 100M Dowa.
99
Republican Party
Were the major party of the 1920s, included Warren Harding. They were economically conservative.
100
Warren Harding
Lowered taxes, government regulations, and monopoly laws to get to “A Return to Normalcy”. Established the Bureau of Budget to limit government spending. His presidency was marred by the Teapot Dome Scandal. Died before his 4 years ended.
101
Teapot Dome Scandal
A cabinet member took bribes from oil companies, and was sent to prison.
102
Calvin Coolidge
Didn’t like to talk. He continued the economic policies of his predecessor. Didn’t like government spending. Veterans were promised a bonus 20 after WW1, this president refused to give the money early. Cut funding to the federal farmers program, which helped farmers financially.
103
Herbert Hoover
Felt that the great depression that happened in his time would fix itself. He refused to do anything to fix it, and urged charities to help people who lost.
104
The Great Depression
The 1920 stock market was booming. Caused by people buying on margin (taking loans and putting them in the stock market), when the stock market collapsed, everyone lost. Another cause was millions of Americans in credit debt. There was also little regulation on what banks could do with your money, meaning the investments that the banks had went out with all the money of the people. The stock market happened as everyone randomly started fear selling stock.
105
Hawley Smoot Tariff
1930 Largest tariff at it's time. Was hoover's response to the depression. Made Americans buy American goods, but other countries did the same to respond, and led to a bad outcome.
106
The Bonus March
Hoover said no to early bonuses to veterans like his predecessor. In 1932 the veterans camped out of Washington DC. Hoover was annoyed at this, and ordered the military and police to remove the veterans. Two veterans were killed, and 55 injured. Led to the increase of Anti-Hoover sentiment.
107
Hoovervilles
These shantytowns were located in places like central park. They showed how bad the depression was affecting America.
108
The Dust Bowl
Crappy soil from drought, poor farming, and high winds led to giant dust storms. Tens of thousands of people fled to the west (California). The people who fled were called Okies (oklahoma).
109
Election of 1932
Hoover was brought up as the candidate again. FDR won this election with “New Deal”.
110
FDR
Elected president 4 times. Paralyzed from the waist down.
111
Keynesian Economics
The government needs to spend more than it brings in to stimulate economic growth. Deficit spending helped increase investment and make jobs.
112
New Deal and Three R’s
Relief for people out of work, recovery for economy, and reform to prevent bad outcomes from happening again.
113
Bank Holiday
A part of roosevelt's first 100 days. Banks were ordered to close of march 6th 1933. They would reopen after they reorganize.
114
Repeal of the 18th Amendment
Part of Roosevelt’s 100 days. Allowed for drinking of alcohol, and brought in money through taxes.
115
Fireside Chats
FDR talked to the American people nightly to reassure them.
116
Public Works Administration
Allotted money to build roads, bridges, dams, etc. Employed thousands.
117
Civilian Conservation Corps
Employed young men to work on federal lands to do small projects and works like digging paths. Money went to family.
118
Tennessee Valley Authority
Hydroelectric Dams were built to bring jobs, reduce flooding, and produce electricity.
119
Recovery Programs
Home Owners Loan Corp, provided refinancing of small homes. Agricultural Adjustment Act, paid farmers to grow less/keep less livestock.
120
Reform Programs
Glass Steagall Act, bank reform to stop banks from investing all of their money, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp that insures your money if banks go out. Securities and Exchange Commision, prevents people from buying or margin, and regulates the stock market.
121
The Hoover Dam
Built during the great depression, created many jobs.
122
The Second New Deal
Provided relief and reform for the nation. Works Progress Administration constructed bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Unemployed artists were paid to make murals. This gave tons of jobs to people while helping the community.
123
Wagner Act
Guaranteed workers rights to join unions. Helped growth of union membership. Was a part of FDR 2nd Deal.
124
Fair Labor Standards Act
Last major win for the New Deal. Minimum wage is 40 cents, and 40 hour work weeks (everything over is overtime).
125
Social Security Act
Monthly payments made to retired people above 65. Paid by collection of payroll taxes.
126
FDR and Supreme Court
Had conflicts as the latter was very conservative. The former tried to pack the latter’s offices to make them cooperate. There was a lot of backlash from everyone, as it would set a terrible precedent for the future judiciary branch.
127
Issues with the New Deal
Conservative critics said that the government was spending too much. Liberal Critics were saying that the government didn’t do enough for the commoners (they wanted a universal basic income).
128
Huey Long “The Kingfish”
“Share Our Wealth Program” Promised 5k income to all americans. Paid for by the rich, and had a cap for how rich you could become before the government takes the extra.
129
US Foreign Policy Post-WW1
Disarmament, republicans in the 20s greatly reduced the size of the US Military
130
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Sponsored by the US, and attempted to outlaw war.
131
Dawes Plan
1924 US had given loans to germany to pay its reparations. Germany used money to pay back France and England, England and France paid back to the US.
132
Good Neighbor Policy
America started to become more aggressive with this policy, that states that America would be nicer to other countries. Tried to make sure that countries don’t join the “dark side”.
133
Fascism
Arose with Benito Mussolini, who wanted to, and truly rebuilt italy. Difference between Mussolini and Hitler was that Hitler had a large scapegoat of the Jews. Hideki Tojo was also another of these nationalistic leaders.
134
Neutrality Acts
Congress attempted to maintain neutrality by prohibiting the sale of arms (1935) and extension of loans and credit (1936).
135
WW2
Hitler invaded Poland, and because of a link of alliances, the world joined the war.
136
Third FDR Term
Happened because people felt like he is good to keep around.
137
Cash and Carry
1939 Allowed for Great Britain to purchase arms if it used its own ships and paid cash
138
Selective Service Act
1940 draft for men between 21-35 provided for the training of 1.2 million troops in one year
139
Destroyers for Bases
1940 U.S. provided 50 older ships to Great Britain for the right to build bases in the Caribbean
140
The Four Freedoms
England was about to collapse, so America said it would protect Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear.
141
Tend Lease Act
1941 Ended Cash and Carry, allowed Britain to buy arms on credit
142
America First Committee
Led by pilot Charles Lindbergh, almost 1m members. Said that America should stay out of the war, and helping the British would bring us closer to war. Some blamed the Jews for the War.
143
Pearl Harbor
Japan’s aggressive actions led to trade ban, and then this attack on the Americans. Caused for a requested declaration of war.
144
Allies
US, Britain, Soviet Union, and France.
145
Axis
Third Reich, Italy, and Japan.
146
Mobilization for WW2
Included War Production Board, increased income tax, and propaganda from Office of War Information.
147
Executive Order 9066
Japanese people were put in internment camps
148
Korematsu v. U.S.
1944 Upheld use of internment camps
149
Service in WW2
20,000 Japanese Americans fought for the United States in WW2
150
Double V Campaign
Victory over fascism abroad and victory over discrimination at home
151
Detroit Race Riots
1943 Racially motivated riots between black people and white people occured.
152
The Bracero Program
Used to fill agricultural shortages during ww2, brought Mexican workers to the US
153
Zoot Suit Riots
Like the Detroit Race Riots, but for Mexicans.
154
The Pacific Theater
Japan controlled most of Southeast Asia, America used "Island Hopping" to gain control of land around japan, and then attack.
155
The European Theater
American goals were to defeat german subs that were taking out allied ships.
156
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Led Operation Torch (Liberate Northern Africa/Italy), and Operation Overlord "D-Day" (Liberate France)
157
Manhattan Project
Included the Trinity Test, created American nuclear power.
158
Hiroshima Nagasaki
Japanese did not unconditionally surrender, and these were set off to make them do so.
159
Yalta Conference
Declared that Germany would be divided into occupational zones by the Allies.
160
Potsdam Conference
Debates between U.S. and Soviet Union over treatment of Germany after WW2. Soviets were harsh, while Americans helped rebuild.
161
Vietnam Slides
162
Silent Majority
The nuclear family of the 1960s, they wanted a return to normalcy.
163
Richard Nixon
1968 Voice for the silent majority, against Nam, and hippies. Used Southern Strategy, to get votes from the Democratic south.
164
Environmental Legislation
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, got Americans to worry about the environment. A polluted river caught on fire. Nixon passed these to address these the moment he came to power.
165
Environmental Protection Agency
Made sure that people followed guidelines, and prevented pollution.
166
Clean Air Act/Clean Water Act
Made sure that companies don't pollute these.
167
Detente
An attempt to simmer things down in the Cold War. Nixon visited China to fix relations, and by 1979 the US officially recognized China.
168
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
ICBMs made war even scarier. This happened to limit these weapons.
169
OPEC Oil Embargo
1973 Israel with help from America and Egypt had a war. These countries told America they wouldn't sell oil anymore.
170
Watergate Scandal
Nixon hated to lose, and he was paranoid he would lose. He told people to spy on the Democrats. They got caught, and more info came out that they were affiliated with the republicans and Nixon. The number two guy at FBI("Deepthroat") gave dirt to the demos. Nixon Resigned
171
Ronald Reagan
Came after Carter "Are you better now that you were 4 years ago?" 1980 Inflation was at an all time high, and the Iranian Hostage Situation.
172
The Rise of Conservatism
Reducing the size and scope of the federal government, build up the military, and reduce taxes.
173
Reaganomics/Trickle Down Economics
Tax cuts and reduced government spending would help businesses and it would trickle down to the working class. Opposite of Keynesian Economics
174
Economic Recovery Tax of
1981 25 percent decrease in personal income taxes, and cut corporate tax.
175
Deregulation
Used by Reagan to promote the rights of businesses and their ability to earn money.
176
Labor Unions
Membership dropped during Reagan's leadership. He fired a bunch of air traffic control people who were on strike. Very anti-union
177
Reagan's Cold War Policy
Military build up, like heavy investment in technologies like the Strategic Defence Initiative (plan to make a force field from satellites to stop soviet nukes, don't know if completed).
178
End of Cold War
