APUSH 2B Flashcards
First African brought to America
a dutch ship brought 20 Africans to Virginia, the first Africans to arrive in the present-day United States. Until 1680, indentured servants from Europe were far more numerous in the English colonies than African slaves. After 1680, the number of indentured migrants from Europe diminished and African slaves increased.
chattel slavery
chattel slavery is the type of bondage where human beings are considered to be property and are bought and sold as such
stono rebellion, 1739
this was one of the earliest known acts of rebellion against slavery in America. It was organized and led by slaves living south of Charleston, south Carolina. they tried unsuccessfully to flee to Spanish Florida, where they hoped to gain their freedom. As a result, the slave system became more tightly controlled.
middle passage
the middle passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of africans were shipped to the new world as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchase or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across Atlantic as saves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage.
New York Conspiracy, 1714
A plot by slaves and poor whites to burn New York. Over 170 people were arrested for participating in the plot. Most were hanged, burned, or deported.
House of Burgesses, 1690
an elected lawmaking body, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.
mayflower compact, 1620
the first social contract for a New England colony. Drafted and signed by 41 adult male separatists fleeing religious persecution by King James of England. Granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony’s laws.
fundamental order, 1639
this was the “first constitution” in colonial America. It was drafted in 1639 by the citizens of Connecticut. The document called for a Government democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens.
Maryland toleration act, 1649
a law passed by the Maryland colonial assembly mandating toleration for all Trinitarian Christian denomination. (Maryland had been founded in 1632 by Cecil Calvert (lord Baltimore) as a heaven for catholics.)
Town Hall Meetings
A purely democratic form of government and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town’s voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.
Establishment of the Dominion of New England, 1686
An attempt by King James II to place Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and New York under the control of one royal governor. Colonists viewed the Dominion as an attempt to take away their rights and the Dominion was dissolved in 1689.
Glorious Revolution, 1688
Catholic James II was dethroned in England and replaced by his daughter Mary and her Dutch- born Protestant husband William III (William of Orange). Parliament created a constitutional monarchy: forbade the kings from levying taxes or ruling without its consent. News of James II’s removal prompted Boston leaders to arrest Governor Andros and ship him back to England collapsed and enforcement of the Navigational Laws was disrupted.
established church
a church that is supported by taxes from citizens, regardless of their personal religious beliefs. the church of England Anglican Church) became the established church in several colonies.
Zenger trial, 1735
New York newspaper editor John Peter Zenger made a written attack on the corrupt royal governor and was arrested on the basis of seditious libel. A jury, however, found him NOT guilty and set an important precedent for freedom of the press.
The enlightenment (Age of Reason)
the age of enlightenment or simply the enlightenment or age of reason is an era from the 1620s to the 1780s in which cultural and intellectual forces in western Europe emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority.
“Great Awakening”
evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain’s North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches.
George Whitefield
Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the Great Awakening.
Jonathan Edwards
Pastor and revivalist who served as the most important leader of the Great Awakening. His sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” became representative of the evangelical beliefs of the Great Awakening.
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
Armed rebellion in Virginia by landless former indentured servants against Governor William Berkeley. This exposed the tensions between the frontier and the rich Tidewater gentry. As result, planters turned to slave as more reliable sources of labor.
Leisler’s Rebellion, 1689
Rebellion against royal officials representing the Dominion of New England. led by Jacob leisler, a German merchant in New York. Leisler was executed when he refused to surrender to a royal governor.
Wool Act, 1699
English law that made it illegal to ship wool from the American colonies. The law was designed to assist the British wool industry.
Molasses Act, 1733
A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-british colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quatities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum.
Smuggling
As a way of ignoring British restrictions on colonial trade, colonists engaged in widespread smuggling. Smugglers who got caught were often freed by sympathetic American juries.
Navigation Acts, 1651-1696
Attempt by England to assert its control over American trade by passing a series of laws that regulated colonies trade to England’s benefit.
Salutary Neglect
Unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade laws. Salutary neglect lasted throughout most of the 1600s and 1700s.
