April 14, 2023 Flashcards
1
Q
Bicarbonate is an important example of
A
basic/buffering/dissociation compound
2
Q
Ketone formula
A
R-C=O-R
3
Q
Most abundant carbohydrate
A
glucose
4
Q
D- glucose and D-mannose are
A
sterioisomers
5
Q
d-glucose and l-glucose are
A
enantomers
6
Q
epimers of glucose are
A
d-galactose and d-glucose
7
Q
oxidation of glucose will produce
A
gluconate
8
Q
reduction of glucose will produce
A
sorbitol
9
Q
sorbitol is produced by
A
aldose reductase
10
Q
absence of ______ leads to _____ intolerance
A
lactase, lactose
11
Q
lactose =
A
galactose and glucose
12
Q
stearic acid
A
saturated fatty acid
13
Q
palmitic acid
A
saturated fatty acid
14
Q
oleic acid
A
omega 9 fatty acid (unsat)
15
Q
linoleic acid
A
omega 3 fatty acid
16
Q
arachidonic acid
A
omega 6 fatty acid
17
Q
Cis vs trans config
A
cis: hydrogen on the same side
trans: hydrogen on the opposite side
18
Q
phospholipids
A
2 F.A esterified to a glycerol
19
Q
Which of the following compounds does not contain an amino group?
a. heme
b. 17 beta estradiol
c. albumin
d. sphingosine
A
b.
20
Q
What are some pancreatic enzymes?
A
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, porcarboxypeptidases
21
Q
What is the pH at which amino acids exist?
A
isoelectric point
22
Q
Which aromatic amino acid contains a -OH and is essential?
A
Tryptophan
23
Q
Which polar amino acids with no charge contain -OH?
A
serine, threonine
24
Q
Aspartate can be derived from what biomolecule?
A
pyruvate
25
Deficiency in cystathionin Beta-synthase will lead to an increase in what?
cysthathionine
26
Oxidation of cysteine forms____
cystine
27
Start codon is
AUG = methionine
28
Stop codons =
UGA, UAG, UAA
29
Non-spontaneous reactions are also known as
endergonic rxns
30
How many Carbons does Acetyl-CoA have?
2C
31
Anaplerotic Reactions are
intermediates from the TCA cycle making other biomolecules such as amino acids or heme
32
How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions occurs in glycolysis per glucose molecule?
4
33
How many carbons does succinyl-coA have?
4
34
How many oxidative decarboxylation reactions occur in the TCA cycle?
2
35
What cofactor is needed for pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin
36
Which complex in the ETC does not transport H+ across the intermembrane?
Complex II
37
Non-enzymatic free radical scavengers include
vitamin C and vitamin E
38
What is the committed step of glycolysis?
Formation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
39
What is the rate limiting step for PPP
Formation of 6 phosphogluconic acid lactone
40
What is glutathione
an oligopeptide containing cysteine, glycine, glutamate
41
Which disease can you find heinz bodies?
Flavism/hemolytic anemia
42
Glycerol can become glucose by converting to which glycolysis intermediate?
dihydroxyacetone
43
Pyruvate must combine with what to become phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis
Oxaloacetate
44
What is the difference between glycerol 3 phosphate synthesis in the liver versus adipose tissue?
in the liver glycerol 3 phosphate can be made directly by phosphorylating glycerol
45
What type of compound is carnitine and which 2 amino acids can make it?
It is an amino acid can be found in meat or can be made from lysine and methionine
46
Where in the body does TAG form from MAG?
Enterocytes
47
Where in the body does TAG form from Acetyl-CoA?
Liver
48
TAG can be formed from G3P where?
Liver or adipose
49
methylated cytosine and dihydrouridine can be found where?
D loop in tRNA
50
What bond is formed when CCA from the acceptor stem of tRNA binds to an amino acid?
Ester bond
51
Catalase is found where?
Peroxisomes
52
PKU is caused by what (tutorial question)
a mutation in the PAH gene
53
Supplementation of which amino acids can help with PKU? (tutorial)
neutral amino acids such as tyrosine tyrptophan
54
How do you detect PKU (tutorial)
by a newborn blood test
55
maple syrup urine disease is caused by? (TUT)
an inherited deficency in genes that form the α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex
56
which amino acids are people with maple syrup urine disease unable to breakdown? (TUT)
isoleucine, leucine and valine aka branched
57
(TUT) Symptoms of maple syrup urine disease include__
A sweet odour in urine and earwax, similar to
maple syrup, Difficulties feeding, Vomiting, Seizures, Hypoglycemia
58
Plasma leucine levels can be reduced through__ (TUT)
Dialysis, Hemofiltration
59
Acquire hyperammonemia is caused by__ (TUT)
cirrhosis and Reye's syndrome
60
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of phenylketonuria? (TUT)
Hemorrhages
Fair skin and hair
Eczema
Urine having a "musty" odour
hemorrhages
61
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperammonemia? (TUT)
Irritability
Lethargy
Tremors
Eczema
eczema
62
Which of the following is implicated in causing Type 1 diabetes? (TUT)
Autoimmune destruction of of pancreatic β cells
Defective phenylalanine hydroxylase
Defective CFTR
Insulin resistance
Autoimmune destruction of of pancreatic β cells
63
Which group of genes are involved in causing Type 1 diabetes? (TUT)
OTC
P508
HLA
ARF6
HLA
64
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Type 2 diabetes? (TUT)
Polyphagia
Fatigue
Ketoacidosis
Polydipsia
ketoacidosis
65
Metformin helps to treat Type 2 diabetes by doing what? (TUT)
Increasing glucose secretion
Repairing pancreatic β cells
Increasing insulin sensitivity
Increasing insulin production
Increasing insulin sensitivity
66
Cigarette smoking can affect atherosclerosis by: (TUT)
Increasing LDL in circulation
Thickening endothelium in arteries
Increasing platelets produced by the body
Increasing number of LDL receptors
Increasing LDL in circulation
67
Familial hypercholesterolemia can affect LDL receptors by: (TUT)
Causing issues with postreceptor binding
Reducing their ability to bind LDL
Reducing the number of receptors
All of these methods
all of these
68
Which of the following is not a symptom of moderate to severe atherosclerosis? (TUT)
Transient Ischemic Attack
Angina
Ketoacidosis
Peripheral Artery Disease
ketoacidosis
69
Statins can be used in treatment of atherosclerosis by: (TUT)
Reducing platelets in circulation
Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
Increasing number of LDL receptors
Increasing platelets in circulation
Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
70
Aspirin is an example of which type of atherosclerosis medication: (TUT)
Anti-platelet
Fibrate
Meglitinide
Statin
anti platlet
71
Which diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes (TUT)
type 1
72
What is the treatment for DMT1 (TUTORIAL)
insulin injection
73
vast majority of diabetes is type____ (TUT)
2
74
Obesity is a cause of DMT2 because _____(TUT)
downregulation of insulin receptor synthesis
Can also result from post-receptor abnormalities, such as defects in tyrosine kinase on the insulin
receptor and GLUT4 dysfunction
75
What is the role of Sulfonylureas in DMT2?
(TUTORIAL)
stimulate pancreas to secrete more insulin
76
What are some risk factors of DMT2? (TUTORIAL)
I know them just lazy to put it all
77
How does nicotine and carbon monoxide cause obesity? (TUT)
damages endothelium lining the cell falls (fat mobilization)
78
T/F: The operon in the flanking region will allow activation of monocistronic genes
false
79
T/F: In eukaryotes hairpin loops terminate the transcribed mRNA strand
false
80
T/F: In prokaryotes hairpin loops terminate translation
false
81
40 s subunit is made by_
18 s
82
60 s subunit is made by
5.8s, 28s, 5s
83
Post-transcriptional modification of tRNA include all except
Addtition of dihyrouridine to D loop
CCA sequence to 5' end
cleavage of the 5' end and 3' end
intron removal at the anticodon loop
CCA sequence to 5' end
84
What characteristic is present in introns that helps identify them?
Gu 5' and AG 3"
85
What are two examples of isoforms from this course?
tropomyosin and HMG CoA synthase
86
The genetic code is ______
degenerate, specific, universal and nonoverlapping
87
Before addition to the glycogen change, glucose 1 phosphate must combine with what?
UTP catalyzed by UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
88
_____ deficiency will cause increase of GSSG
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
89
How many carbons does malonyl CoA have?
3
90
The breakdown of 3-hydroxybuterate will produce how many NADH molecules?
7
