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OTU > April 14, 2023 > Flashcards

April 14, 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

Bicarbonate is an important example of

A

basic/buffering/dissociation compound

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2
Q

Ketone formula

A

R-C=O-R

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3
Q

Most abundant carbohydrate

A

glucose

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4
Q

D- glucose and D-mannose are

A

sterioisomers

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5
Q

d-glucose and l-glucose are

A

enantomers

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6
Q

epimers of glucose are

A

d-galactose and d-glucose

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7
Q

oxidation of glucose will produce

A

gluconate

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8
Q

reduction of glucose will produce

A

sorbitol

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9
Q

sorbitol is produced by

A

aldose reductase

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10
Q

absence of ______ leads to _____ intolerance

A

lactase, lactose

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11
Q

lactose =

A

galactose and glucose

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12
Q

stearic acid

A

saturated fatty acid

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13
Q

palmitic acid

A

saturated fatty acid

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14
Q

oleic acid

A

omega 9 fatty acid (unsat)

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15
Q

linoleic acid

A

omega 3 fatty acid

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16
Q

arachidonic acid

A

omega 6 fatty acid

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17
Q

Cis vs trans config

A

cis: hydrogen on the same side
trans: hydrogen on the opposite side

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18
Q

phospholipids

A

2 F.A esterified to a glycerol

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19
Q

Which of the following compounds does not contain an amino group?
a. heme
b. 17 beta estradiol
c. albumin
d. sphingosine

A

b.

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20
Q

What are some pancreatic enzymes?

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, porcarboxypeptidases

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21
Q

What is the pH at which amino acids exist?

A

isoelectric point

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22
Q

Which aromatic amino acid contains a -OH and is essential?

A

Tryptophan

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23
Q

Which polar amino acids with no charge contain -OH?

A

serine, threonine

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24
Q

Aspartate can be derived from what biomolecule?

A

pyruvate

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25
Q

Deficiency in cystathionin Beta-synthase will lead to an increase in what?

A

cysthathionine

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26
Q

Oxidation of cysteine forms____

A

cystine

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27
Q

Start codon is

A

AUG = methionine

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28
Q

Stop codons =

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

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29
Q

Non-spontaneous reactions are also known as

A

endergonic rxns

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30
Q

How many Carbons does Acetyl-CoA have?

A

2C

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31
Q

Anaplerotic Reactions are

A

intermediates from the TCA cycle making other biomolecules such as amino acids or heme

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32
Q

How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions occurs in glycolysis per glucose molecule?

A

4

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33
Q

How many carbons does succinyl-coA have?

A

4

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34
Q

How many oxidative decarboxylation reactions occur in the TCA cycle?

A

2

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35
Q

What cofactor is needed for pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Biotin

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36
Q

Which complex in the ETC does not transport H+ across the intermembrane?

A

Complex II

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37
Q

Non-enzymatic free radical scavengers include

A

vitamin C and vitamin E

38
Q

What is the committed step of glycolysis?

A

Formation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

39
Q

What is the rate limiting step for PPP

A

Formation of 6 phosphogluconic acid lactone

40
Q

What is glutathione

A

an oligopeptide containing cysteine, glycine, glutamate

41
Q

Which disease can you find heinz bodies?

A

Flavism/hemolytic anemia

42
Q

Glycerol can become glucose by converting to which glycolysis intermediate?

A

dihydroxyacetone

43
Q

Pyruvate must combine with what to become phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis

A

Oxaloacetate

44
Q

What is the difference between glycerol 3 phosphate synthesis in the liver versus adipose tissue?

A

in the liver glycerol 3 phosphate can be made directly by phosphorylating glycerol

45
Q

What type of compound is carnitine and which 2 amino acids can make it?

A

It is an amino acid can be found in meat or can be made from lysine and methionine

46
Q

Where in the body does TAG form from MAG?

A

Enterocytes

47
Q

Where in the body does TAG form from Acetyl-CoA?

A

Liver

48
Q

TAG can be formed from G3P where?

A

Liver or adipose

49
Q

methylated cytosine and dihydrouridine can be found where?

A

D loop in tRNA

50
Q

What bond is formed when CCA from the acceptor stem of tRNA binds to an amino acid?

A

Ester bond

51
Q

Catalase is found where?

A

Peroxisomes

52
Q

PKU is caused by what (tutorial question)

A

a mutation in the PAH gene

53
Q

Supplementation of which amino acids can help with PKU? (tutorial)

A

neutral amino acids such as tyrosine tyrptophan

54
Q

How do you detect PKU (tutorial)

A

by a newborn blood test

55
Q

maple syrup urine disease is caused by? (TUT)

A

an inherited deficency in genes that form the α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex

56
Q

which amino acids are people with maple syrup urine disease unable to breakdown? (TUT)

A

isoleucine, leucine and valine aka branched

57
Q

(TUT) Symptoms of maple syrup urine disease include__

A

A sweet odour in urine and earwax, similar to
maple syrup, Difficulties feeding, Vomiting, Seizures, Hypoglycemia

58
Q

Plasma leucine levels can be reduced through__ (TUT)

A

Dialysis, Hemofiltration

59
Q

Acquire hyperammonemia is caused by__ (TUT)

A

cirrhosis and Reye’s syndrome

60
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of phenylketonuria? (TUT)
Hemorrhages
Fair skin and hair
Eczema
Urine having a “musty” odour

A

hemorrhages

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperammonemia? (TUT)
Irritability
Lethargy
Tremors
Eczema

A

eczema

62
Q

Which of the following is implicated in causing Type 1 diabetes? (TUT)
Autoimmune destruction of of pancreatic β cells
Defective phenylalanine hydroxylase
Defective CFTR
Insulin resistance

A

Autoimmune destruction of of pancreatic β cells

63
Q

Which group of genes are involved in causing Type 1 diabetes? (TUT)
OTC
P508
HLA
ARF6

A

HLA

64
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Type 2 diabetes? (TUT)
Polyphagia
Fatigue
Ketoacidosis
Polydipsia

A

ketoacidosis

65
Q

Metformin helps to treat Type 2 diabetes by doing what? (TUT)
Increasing glucose secretion
Repairing pancreatic β cells
Increasing insulin sensitivity
Increasing insulin production

A

Increasing insulin sensitivity

66
Q

Cigarette smoking can affect atherosclerosis by: (TUT)
Increasing LDL in circulation
Thickening endothelium in arteries
Increasing platelets produced by the body
Increasing number of LDL receptors

A

Increasing LDL in circulation

67
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia can affect LDL receptors by: (TUT)
Causing issues with postreceptor binding
Reducing their ability to bind LDL
Reducing the number of receptors
All of these methods

A

all of these

68
Q

Which of the following is not a symptom of moderate to severe atherosclerosis? (TUT)
Transient Ischemic Attack
Angina
Ketoacidosis
Peripheral Artery Disease

A

ketoacidosis

69
Q

Statins can be used in treatment of atherosclerosis by: (TUT)
Reducing platelets in circulation
Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
Increasing number of LDL receptors
Increasing platelets in circulation

A

Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase

70
Q

Aspirin is an example of which type of atherosclerosis medication: (TUT)
Anti-platelet
Fibrate
Meglitinide
Statin

A

anti platlet

71
Q

Which diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes (TUT)

A

type 1

72
Q

What is the treatment for DMT1 (TUTORIAL)

A

insulin injection

73
Q

vast majority of diabetes is type____ (TUT)

A

2

74
Q

Obesity is a cause of DMT2 because _____(TUT)

A

downregulation of insulin receptor synthesis
Can also result from post-receptor abnormalities, such as defects in tyrosine kinase on the insulin
receptor and GLUT4 dysfunction

75
Q

What is the role of Sulfonylureas in DMT2?
(TUTORIAL)

A

stimulate pancreas to secrete more insulin

76
Q

What are some risk factors of DMT2? (TUTORIAL)

A

I know them just lazy to put it all

77
Q

How does nicotine and carbon monoxide cause obesity? (TUT)

A

damages endothelium lining the cell falls (fat mobilization)

78
Q

T/F: The operon in the flanking region will allow activation of monocistronic genes

A

false

79
Q

T/F: In eukaryotes hairpin loops terminate the transcribed mRNA strand

A

false

80
Q

T/F: In prokaryotes hairpin loops terminate translation

A

false

81
Q

40 s subunit is made by_

A

18 s

82
Q

60 s subunit is made by

A

5.8s, 28s, 5s

83
Q

Post-transcriptional modification of tRNA include all except
Addtition of dihyrouridine to D loop
CCA sequence to 5’ end
cleavage of the 5’ end and 3’ end
intron removal at the anticodon loop

A

CCA sequence to 5’ end

84
Q

What characteristic is present in introns that helps identify them?

A

Gu 5’ and AG 3”

85
Q

What are two examples of isoforms from this course?

A

tropomyosin and HMG CoA synthase

86
Q

The genetic code is ______

A

degenerate, specific, universal and nonoverlapping

87
Q

Before addition to the glycogen change, glucose 1 phosphate must combine with what?

A

UTP catalyzed by UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase

88
Q

_____ deficiency will cause increase of GSSG

A

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

89
Q

How many carbons does malonyl CoA have?

A

3

90
Q

The breakdown of 3-hydroxybuterate will produce how many NADH molecules?

A

7

OTU (3 decks)

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