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Naturopathic Nutrition > April > Flashcards

April Flashcards

Proteins and lipids

1
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acids?

A
  • amino group (NH2)
  • carboxyl group
  • R-group
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2
Q

How many types of amino acids does the human body use?

A

20

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3
Q

How many amino acids that the body uses can it not synthesise (on insufficient quantities) ?

A

9

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4
Q

Why are animal proteins complete proteins?

A

They contain all nine of the essential amino acids

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5
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HiLL
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine

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6
Q

Is histidine an essential amino acid?

A

In infants yes
In adults, intestinal bacteria can produce it and it can be released from muscles. but not in large enough quantities

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7
Q

Give an example of a protein used for movement

A

actin/myosin

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8
Q

Give an example of a protein used for storage

A

ferritin

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9
Q

Give an example of a protein used as a carrier molecule

A

Haemoglobin

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10
Q

Which amino acid forms the basis of thyroid hormones?

A

Tyrosine

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11
Q

Which amino acid forms the basis for epinephrine/norepinephrine and dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

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12
Q

Which amino acid forms the basis for serotonin and melatonin?

A

Tryptophan

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13
Q

Name 5 protein-based hormones

A

thyroid, insulin, glucagon, PTH, calcitonin

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14
Q

Name 8 functions of proteins

A

enzymes, hormones, immunoglobulins, water balance (albumin), structure, transport, storage, buffers

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15
Q

What are the functions of albumin?

A

to bind to calcium, zinc and B6 (plus steroids and fatty acids) to transport around the body. It helps maintain water osmolarity

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16
Q

Which amino acids work as buffers in the human body?

A

histidine (releases hydrogen ions)
cysteine

17
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The osmotic pressure causes by proteins in the body such as albumin

18
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of low protein?

A

oedema

19
Q

Give 6 examples of glycoproteins

A

mucins, ABO blood antigens, LH, FSH, TSH, major histocompatibility complex

20
Q

What is the role of proteoglycans?

A

They draw fluid to help with shock absorption, particularly in joints

21
Q

When does deamination of proteins occur in the body?

A

liver

22
Q

What is the purpose of the urea cycle?

A

To convert ammonia to urea, occurs in hepatocytes (creates arginine, citrulline and orthnithine)

23
Q

What are the symptoms of high levels of ammonia in the blood?

A

fatigue, headache, irritability, nausea, diarrhoea, confusion, intolerance to high protein foods

24
Q

Which vitamin is essential for transamination?

A

Vitamin B6

25
Q

How are amino acids stored?

A

They are not, they circulate in the bloodstream for a limited amount of time

26
Q

What factors will increase protein turnover?

A

Stress - uses proteins quicker, can cause osteoporosis

27
Q

How much protein is reabsorbed each day?

A

around 70g

28
Q

What ways can be used to optimise protein digestion?

A
  • chew and avoid drinking with meals
  • support stomach acid levels (Zinc and B6 for HCl production)
  • bitters, apple cider vinegar, betaine hydrochloride
29
Q

What is the issue with undigested proteins reaching the small intestine?

A

they become fermented releasing ammonia, amines, sulphides, can also be a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria

30
Q

Which amino acids are the limiting amino acids?

A

Lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan

31
Q

Which plant foods are complete proteins?

A

quinoa, buckwheat, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, tempeh

32
Q

Over what time period should you combine plant foods to get all essential amino acids?

A

Over a day

33
Q

What can be an issue with consuming too much animal protein?

A

High methionine, which can stimulate T cells leading to inflammation and autoimmunity, and can increase levels of homocysteine. high pesticides/abx

34
Q

time

A

1hr 9 mins

Naturopathic Nutrition (10 decks)

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