APR Module 2 Flashcards
Cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates dna
Interphase
3 stages of interphase
g1, S, and g2
Stage of interphase where the cell replicates dna
S
Cell division
Mitosis
Stage where the dna forms chromatids, and the spindles appear
Prophase
Stage where the chromosomes move to the middle of the cell
Metaphase
Stage where the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes toward the poles
Anaphase
Stage where the nuclear envelops reforms
Telophase
Stage where the cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis
Diffusion rate is affected by
molecule size
Temp
Amount of energy
No ATP is required for this transport
passive transport
ATP is required for this transport
Active transport
Where molecules pass through the plasma membrane
Diffusion
Where water passes through the plasma membrane
Osmosis
Normal concentration gradient is
High to low
Down
Going against the concentration gradient is
Low to high
This solution has same concentration as cells, no visible changes
Isotonic
This solution has more solutes than the cell, shrink
Hypertonic
This solution has less solutes than the cell, swells
Hypotonic
Molecules can pass through the plasma membrane is helped by a carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
Solutes, like salt or glucose, diffuse across the plasma membrane from high to low concentrate. Passive. Only certain size can get through.
Dialysis
Define the sodium-potassium pump
ATP energizes the pumping of sodium into the cell, and potassium out. Goes against concentration gradient.
When water is put in a solute:
The lower concentration flows into the higher one.
What is the transfer rate for the sodium potassium pump
3 sodium in and 2 potassium out
