Appropriate/intermediate technology.

Question 1

Donkey plough (Sudan).

Answer 1

• Practical Action developed a lightweight plough and harness for a donkey.
• Is better than the traditional wooden plough & made of scrap materials.
• The harness was soft and stuffed with straw, cotton and rags.
• Most families have donkeys and so now poor farmers can grow more crops to feed families & increase Food Security.

Question 2

Diguettes Stone Lines (Burkina Faso).

Answer 2

• Diguettes are a line of stones which put along the contours of gently sloping farmland.
• Slow down rainwater, allowing the ground to soak it up and not be blown away.
• Prevents soil erosion by trapping soil behind rocks.

Question 3

Intermediate technology pumps (Kukri Mukri).

Answer 3

• This involved drilling tube wells for villages that did not have access to fresh water.
• The pump can be run without expensive water supplies and local people can do maintenance.
• Particular help in the dry season with the rice farming.
• Spare parts are cheap.

Question 4

Drip irrigation (Kenya and India).

Answer 4

Irrigation method that saves water and fertiliser by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.

Question 5

Land colonisation (Indonesia: Java and Bali).

Answer 5

• Bringing into cultivation of land previously not used.
• Transmigration schemes were developed in Indonesia to move people from highly populated islands of Java, Bali and Madura to less populated islands.
• Migrants were provided with a house and a plot to farm. The scheme was begun under Dutch colonialism.
• The provision of farming plots led to the destruction of tropical forests and the government has now dropped the scheme.

Question 6

Land reform (Brazil).

Answer 6

• Re-allocation of land from the concentration of ownership in the hands of the few to a more fair distribution.
• Increase production by putting together small parcels of land into economically viable units.

It includes:
•Breaking down of large estates, redistributing land to individual farmers or landless people.
•Consolidation of small fragmented farms.
•Moving land into state ownership.

Question 7

Commercialisation.

Answer 7

• Involve TNCs when farmers in poorer countries produce vegetables and fruits to be sold in richer countries.
• Increases food production for export and not for locals and so food security may be reduced.