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A-Level Psychology AQA > Approaches to Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Wundt

A
  • ‘father of experimental psychology’
  • distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology
  • first person to call himself a psychologist
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2
Q

introspection

A
  • the attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations
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3
Q

emergence of psychology as a science

A
  • Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research
  • University of Leipzig, 1879
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4
Q

psychology

A
  • the scientific study of the human mind & its functions, especially those that affect behaviour in a given context
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5
Q

behaviourist approach

A
  • all behaviour is learned through conditioning, not mental processes
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6
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • type of learning
  • one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
  • connects a neutral stimuli with a positive one
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7
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • type of learning
  • behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer
  • behaviour is diminished if followed by a punisher
  • uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour
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8
Q

Pavlov’s research

A
  • Pavlov’s dog
  • demonstrated salivation in dogs through a series of experiments
  • paired the sound of a bell with the presentation of food
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9
Q

types of reinforcement / punishment

A
  • postive reinforcer
  • positive punishment
  • negative reinforcer
  • negative punishment
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10
Q

example of positive reinforcer

A
  • food
  • money
  • praise
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11
Q

example of positive punishment

A
  • physical punishment
  • embarassment
  • shouting / yelled at
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12
Q

example of negative reinforcer

A
  • fire alarm
  • stops shouting
  • removal of chores
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13
Q

example of negative punishment

A
  • detentions
  • no devices
  • removing child from social interactions
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14
Q

Skinner’s research

A
  • ‘Skinner box’ experiment with rats
  • a hungry rat would be placed in the box with a lever that would dispense food for the rat, when pressed
  • the rat soon learned that pressing the lever would result in a reward
  • the rat continued to display the new behaviour, and had been positively reinforced
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15
Q

social learning theory

A
  • based on behavourism
  • people learn by observing others
  • people are active, not passive in seeking knowledge
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16
Q

modelling

A
  • process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour
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17
Q

identification

A
  • remembering the behaviour because the person is worth remembering
  • due to status or similarity
18
Q

imitation

A
  • practising the new behaviour themselves mentally or physically
19
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A
  • motivation by observing consequences
  • seeing others getting rewarded or punished
20
Q

mediation processes

A
  • cognitive factors that determine whether a new behaviour is acquired
  • attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
21
Q

attention
(mediational processes)

A
  • the observer must pay attention to the model
22
Q

retention
(mediational processes)

A
  • the observer must be able to remember the behaviour
23
Q

reproduction
(mediational processes)

A
  • the ability to replicate the behaviour that the model has demonstrated
24
Q

motivation
(mediational processes)

A
  • learners must be given a reason to demonstrate what behaviours they have learned
25
Q

Bandura’s research

A
  • the Bobo doll experiment
  • new patterns of behaviour could only be learned by observing the behaviour of others
  • children witnessed aggressive or not behaviour towards a model, and were then tested for imitative learning, without the models
26
Q

Bandura’s research
(findings)

A
  • the Bobo doll experiment
  • aggressive behaviour observed: mirrored the model with shouting and physical and verbal aggression to the doll
  • non-aggressive behaviour observed: showed virtually no aggression towards the doll
27
Q

Bandura’s research
(strengths)

A
  • reliable
  • same effect was found in another repeated study
28
Q

Bandura’s research
(limitations)

A
  • kids may naturally be more aggressive
  • kids might have behavioural issues
29
Q

cognitive approach

A
  • an approach focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour
30
Q

internal mental processes

A
  • operations of the mind
  • stimulus
  • thinking
  • response
31
Q

schema

A
  • a package of beliefs and expectations on a topic that come from prior experiences
  • not a physcial, tangible thing
  • developed through experience
32
Q

role of schema

A
  • oragnises information
  • affects behaviour
  • allows us to take shortcuts in thinking
  • can lead to faulty conclusions and unhelpful behaviour
33
Q

information processing model

A
  • used by cognitive psychologists to explain and describe process of the human brain
  • information flows in a sequence of stages
  • input to thinking / attention to output
34
Q

information processing model
(strengths)

A
  • influential in cognitive development
  • provides a framework for researchers
35
Q

information processing model
(limitations)

A
  • restriction to learning and attention
  • ignores emotion and creativity
36
Q

computer model

A
  • CPU - brain
  • coding - turns information into a usable format
  • stores - to hold different chunks of information
  • brain processes information like a computer would
37
Q

computer model
(strengths)

A
  • scientific
  • based on evidence
  • reliable, objective
38
Q

computer model
(limitations)

A
  • ignores emotion and motivation (machine reductionist)
  • assumes no free will (determinist)
39
Q

emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A
  • between 1950s and 1960s
  • occurred due to advances in brain imaging techniques
  • Michael Gazzaniga is the ‘father’
40
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A
  • the scientific study of biological brain structures that underpin mental and cognitive processes

A-Level Psychology AQA (7 decks)

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