Approaches to behaviour Flashcards
A01 Wundt
F.O.E.P,1st labatory 1879 Leipzig, structuralism, introspection
wundt A03
established psychology as an independent psychological discipline, by introducing controlled experiments= standardisation,replicability, hypothesis,
(strenghts of controlled experiments)
produced subjective data, (weakeness of qualitative data) = no general principles, behaviourists, griffiths 1994
A01 Freud
division of mind,tripartate personality, psychoanalysis (dream analysis,hypnonis), defence mechanisms
A03 Freud
support (Williams 1994= reliability) HOWEVER support for psychic determinism
lack of scientific credibility (explain drawbacks of case studies (subjective + ungeneralisable) + retrospective accounts = decrease validity HOWEVER still has explanatory power
Practical applications- psychoanalysis, DR matts meta analysis, HOWEVER innefective/harmful
A01 Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning, Pavlov 1983, Little albert 1920
A03 classical conditioning
Evidence from studies, (pavlov+L.A) reliability+ credibility HOWEVER ungeneralisable and lacks eco validity
Practical application (counter conditioning, systematic decensitiastion,flooding, aversion therapy) HOWEVER reductionist as it cant complete full account of learning, other researchers suggest…
Reductionist- scientifc credibility + determinstic
A01 Operant conditioning
reinforcement, skinner box experiments
A03 Operant conditioning
Token economy, environmental determinist
Reductionism (+) and reductionism (-)
Ungeneralisable, viewed as manipulative (gambling)
A01 Social learning
Agree either way behaviourst principles but cant be fully understood wothout cognitive processes, led to mediational processes (attention,retention, reproduction, motivation), Bandura 1961/ Bandura and walters 1963
A03 Social learning theory
Soft deterministic, behaviourism+ congnitive, relies on inferances
recripocal determinstic, reductionist, HOWEVER mirror neurones
controlled lab studies (strengths+ weaknesses)
A01 Humanstic approach
Maslows higherarcy of needs 1943
Carl rogers 1953, congurence
A03 Humanism
Ideographic approach (s+w)
Limited application due to abstract concepts …still influential in therapies… centralist ideas (collectivist cultures)
lacks empirical evidence… Rogers Q-sort method
A01 Cognitive approach
study of internal mental processes, inferances, theoretical models (multi-store memory model), computer models (cpu), schemas
A03 cognitive approach
Machine reductionism- simplifies complex behaviour (linear models of thought)… still soft determinist
Scientific methods- strength+weaknesses of controlled experiments
Real world application (CBT) … relies on inferances so may not be true
A01 Biological approach
Endocrine system (adrenaline), Localisation of function (frontal lobe= decision making), influence of neurochemistry in behaviour (serotonin= well being), genotypes+phenotypes, theory of evolution
A03 Biological approach
Biological determinism- governed by genes we have no control over, mental disorder= genes, but phenotype= genotype with environment not even Mz look same, + problematic when it comes to criminal behaviour HOWEVER is useful for practical application (psychoactive drugs for depression) (Ciprial et al 2018= antidepressants have calm effectiveness)
Scientifc methods FMRI= objective … unable to explain consciousness
Neuroscience A01
cognitive psychology+ neuroscience= understand how brain structures and functions underpin all mental processes
Turning et al 1994-Pet scan study on memory, left frontal lobe semantic and right frontal lobe= epsiodic
Burnet et al 2009= guilt activates medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex
Rain et al 1997 showed APP linked to reduced activity in pre frontal cortex
neuroscience A03
Scientifc credibility, FMRI, prefontal cortex= deceision making,neurological basis, move past subjective measures (inferances) and offer empircal evidince HOWEVER reductionist as it oversimplifies cognition bu isolating brain reigions
Correlational evidence, no causation between specifc brain activity and cognitive function,interpretation of data= assumptions (reductionist), less deterministic
Practical application- brain imaging to treat neurological diseases eg alzheimers, advances psychology as a whole, HOWEVER ecological validity+ generalisation
